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Bio unit 3 > The digestive system > Flashcards

The digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

The majority of compounds we obtain from food fall into three categories..

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

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2
Q

Carbohydrates are molecules that contain at LEAST.. (C, H, O)

A

1 carbon atom, 2 Hydrogen atom, 1 oxygen atom

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3
Q

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the..

A

body

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4
Q

The human body cannot make carbohydrates unlike plants therefore we need..

A

to consume food

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5
Q

The 3 types of carbohydrates..

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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6
Q

A type of carbohydrate, monosaccharides are a type of reducing..

A

sugars

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7
Q

A type of carbohydrate, monosaccharides can switch between 2 forms..

A

Chain and cyclic forms

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8
Q

A type of carbohydrate, disaccharides is also a type of reducing…

A

sugars

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9
Q

A type of carbohydrate, disaccharides are formed by linking together 2..

A

monosaccharides

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10
Q

The process of forming a disaccharides is called dehydra.. or con..

A

Dehydration synthesis or condensation

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11
Q

When forming disaccharides, the dehydration synthesis process leads to the release of..

A

water as a by-product

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12
Q

A type of carbohydrate, disaccharides contains how many sugar units and how many carbon atoms?

A

2 sugar units and 7 carbon atoms or more

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13
Q

Examples of disaccharides are sucrose, maltose and..

A

lactose

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14
Q

sucrose is composed of a reaction between..

A

glucose and fructose

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15
Q

maltose is composed of a reaction between..

A

2 glucose molecules

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16
Q

Lactose is composed of a reaction between..

A

glucose and galactose

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17
Q

A type of carbohydrate, polysaccharides are “complex carbohydrates” with many simple..

A

sugars linked together

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18
Q

A type of carbohydrate, polysaccharides or examples of starch and..

A

cellulose

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19
Q

Cellulose (polysaccharides) is difficult for our bodies to break down, provides little energy swell but they are a good source of..

A

fibre

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20
Q

Lipids are also carbon based molecules. However because they are non polar, they repel..

A

water and have a waxy or oily consistency

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21
Q

how lipids are formed are from fatty acid chains, they are composed of..

A

Hydrocarbon chain and carboxyl group

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22
Q

Lipids are found in most living things as they are required to..

A

store energy produced by cells

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23
Q

Lipids also serve as the main component of cellular membranes, they..

A

act as carriers for vitamins and synthesize hormones. Thus lipids are essential for cellular functioning

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24
Q

Lipids are composed of fatty acids, there are 2 types of fatty acids..

A

saturated and unsaturated

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25
Q

Saturated fatty acids are..

A

BAD fats (example butter)

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26
Q

Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature and are more difficult to..

A

break down (like butter)

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27
Q

Saturated fatty acids consists of only 1 single bonds thus leading to a more rectangular shape allowing chains to pack together e..

A

easily

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28
Q

UNsaturated fatty acids are..

A

Good fats

29
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids consists of one double bond in the carbon chain thus leads to a “kinked” shape, meaning that the chains cannot be packed t..

A

together

30
Q

when converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats this process is called h..

A

Hydrogenation

31
Q

When unsaturated fats are converted to saturated fats, the process involves the breaking of double bonds and h..

A

hydrogen

32
Q

What are the 3 examples of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

33
Q

An example of lipids, triglycerides are formed by the union of glycerol (a 3 carbon lipid) and three fatty acids through the process of d..

A

dehydration synthesis

34
Q

An example of lipids, triglycerides that are solid at room temperature are called _____ ( Saturated and came from animals)

A

fats

35
Q

An example of lipids, triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature are called _____ (unsaturated and came from plants)

A

oils

36
Q

An example of lipids, triglycerides are stored in fat cells and release into bloodstream when..

A

eating meals

37
Q

An example of lipids, phospholipids are similar to triglycerides but one of the fatty acid tails are replaced with a p..

A

phosphate group

38
Q

An example of lipids, phospholipids are a important component of cell membrane due to their amphiphatic nature that makes them p

A

polar which sticks together

39
Q

An example of lipids, cholesterol are based on carbon ring structure rather than the fatty acid structure other lipids are made of, they are produced in the..

A

Liver

40
Q

An example of lipids, cholesterol are amp..

A

amphiphatic

41
Q

An example of lipids, cholesterol help maintain cell membrane fluidity and produces hormones such as testosterone and es..

A

estrogen

42
Q

Bad cholesterol (low density lipoprotein, LDL) leads to plaque buildup in arteries know as..

A

atherosclerosis

43
Q

Good cholesterol (High density lipoprotein, HDL) carries low density cholesterol back to liver to be..

A

broken down

44
Q

When producing trans fat, unsaturated fatty acids are chemical altered in high LDL..

A

Bad cholesterols

45
Q

Trans fats are produced during the process of h..

A

hydrogenation

46
Q

Trans fat in food could lead to heart..

A

disease

47
Q

Proteins are beneficial to the human body in many ways. list the 3 mains..

A

Protein help repair cells, speed up chemical reactions (enzymes) and help defend against diseases.

48
Q

A protein molecule also know as polypeptide, is produced when the linking of..

A

Amino acids also known as protein building blocks

49
Q

all plant food contains car..

A

carbohydrates

50
Q

Monosaccharides in carbohydrates with that same chemical formula that are arrange in different ways but are the same chemical formula are called..

A

isomers (How we can tell is if we look at the formula and it is a 1-2-1 ratio)

51
Q

Monosaccharides isomers are glucose, galactose and..

A

frutose

52
Q

Lipids like carbohydrates, they are a carbon..

A

based molecule. BUT they are non polar and repel water

53
Q

Protein building blocks are a..

A

amino acids

54
Q

The 4 protein examples..

A

Lysozyme, integrin, collagen and hemogoblin.

55
Q

An example of protein, lysozyme contains how many polypeptides (protein)..

A

1

56
Q

An example of protein, integrin contains how many polypeptides (protein)..

A

2

57
Q

An example of protein, collagen contains how many polypeptides (protein)..

A

3

58
Q

An example of protein, hemogoblin contains how many polypeptides (protein)

A

4

59
Q

An example of protein, lysozyme are found in nasal fluid and tears, they kill bacteria by b..

A

breaking down cell walls

60
Q

An example of protein, integrin proteins are use to make connections between structures inside and..

A

outside of cell

61
Q

An example of protein, collagen is a structural protein in tendons, ligaments, skin and blood vessel walls; they provide..

A

high tensile strength

62
Q

An example of protein, hemogoblin transport protein that allows red blood cells to c..

A

carry oxygen throughout the body

63
Q

The ability of an enzyme to facilitate a chemical reactions are influenced by..

A

Temperature, ph and substrate concentration

64
Q

Enzymes act by DECREASING the a..

A

activation energy of reactants

65
Q

An increase of temperature means an increase of energy in a chemical system, thus the enzyme activity also..

A

increases at higher temperature

66
Q

Protein starts to dissolve at a certain temperature, what is it?..

A

37’c and higher

67
Q

When proteins dissolve, they form a..

A

precipitate (example: skin that forms on milk when heated)

68
Q

an enzyme in a protein can only catalyze a reaction if the appropriate substrate (the substance on which the enzyme reacts) binds to its a..

A

active site

Bio unit 3 (2 decks)

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