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SOCIOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS > THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL THINKING > Flashcards

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL THINKING Flashcards

1
Q

state should not assist in improving the life chances of individuals, because to do so would interfere with the natural order

A

Herbert Spencer

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2
Q

German economic, political, and social
theorist—also sought to explain social
changes arising from the Industrial
Revolution

A

Karl Marx

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3
Q

German Born ( 1864–1920 )

A

Max Weber

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4
Q

aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals, such as the state of the economy or the influence of religion.

A

social facts

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5
Q

A sociological perspective that
emphasizes the role of political and economic power and oppression as contributing to the existing social order.

A

Conflict Theory

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6
Q

social life can be analyzed as

A

rigorously as objects or events in nature

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7
Q

The conditioning influence on our behaviorof the groups and societies of which we are members.

A

social constraint

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8
Q

French philosopher

A

AUGUSTE COMTE

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9
Q

A theoretical perspective based on the
notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform— that is, the contributions they
make to the continuity of a society.

A

functionalism 

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10
Q

a feeling of aimlessness or despair
provoked by modern social life

A

Anomie

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11
Q

social life can be analyzed as rigorously as objects or events in nature

A

Study social facts as things

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12
Q

the social cohesion that results from the various parts of a
society functioning as an integrated whole.

A

organic solidarity

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13
Q

is a natural outcome of
individual achievement.

A

Development

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14
Q

Functional consequences that are not
intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur.

A

latent functions

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15
Q

Establish sociology on a scientific basis

A

ÉMILE DURKHEIM

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16
Q

Society can change and improve the quality
of life for all people only when everyone
changes their behavior to maximize their
individual potential

A

Herbert Spencer

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17
Q

a class system in which conflict is
inevitable because it is in the interests of the ruling class to exploit the working class and in the interests of the workers to seek to overcome that exploitation

A

Capitalism

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18
Q

Durkheim showed that social factors such as anomie—a feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life— influence suicidal behavior

A

Suicide

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19
Q

sociologists must develop methodological principles to guide their research

A

ÉMILE DURKHEIM

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20
Q

Sociology must study social facts— aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals, such as the state of the economy or the influence of religion

A

ÉMILE DURKHEIM

21
Q

A theoretical approach
in sociology developed by George Herbert Mead that emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction.

A

symbolic interactionism

22
Q

A concept used by Weber to refer to
the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world.

A

rationalization 

23
Q

 The specialization of work tasks
by means of which different occupations are combined
within a production system.

A

division of labor

24
Q

The view developed by Marx according to which material, or economic, factors
have a prime role in determining historical change

A

materialist conception of history

25
Q

he saw it as gradually replacing religion as the basis of ________ and providing organic solidarity to modern societies

A

Social Cohesion

26
Q

Comte believed that sociology, as the
scientific study of social life, should model itself after physics;
he initially called the subject

A

Social Physics

27
Q

refers to the ability of individuals
or groups to make their own interests count, even when others resist

A

Power

28
Q

“All human history thus far is
the history of class struggles.”

A

materialist conception of history

29
Q

British philosopher, biologist,anthropologist, and political theorist

A

Herbert Spencer

30
Q

Max Weber Bureaucracy Theory

A

1) Hierarchical Structure
2) Management by Rules
3) Organization by Functional Specialty
4) Purposely Impersonal
5) Employment Based on Technical Qualification

31
Q

An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit.

A

capitalism

32
Q

a philosopher teaching at the University of Chicago, influenced the development of sociological thought, in particular through a perspective called symbolic interactionism.

A

George Herbert Mead

33
Q

he saw it as gradually replacing religion as the basis of social cohesion and providing organic solidarity to modern societies

A

division of labor

34
Q

 A body of thought deriving its main
elements from the ideas of Karl Marx

A

Marxism 

35
Q

it
is rational for individuals to act this way

A

Social Order

36
Q

Development is a natural outcome of individual achievement.

A

Herbert Spencer

37
Q

is a pervasive element in all human
relationships.

A

Power

38
Q

A type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried official

A

Bureaucracy

39
Q

His writings covered the fields
of economics, law, philosophy, and comparative history as well as
sociology,and much of his work also dealt with the development of modern capitalism.

A

Max Weber

40
Q

 Shared ideas or beliefs that serve to
justify the interests of dominant groups.

A

Ideologies

41
Q

 A sociological perspective that
emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing
the social world and particularly the uniqueness of
the experience of women.

A

Feminist Theory

42
Q

The functions of a type of social
activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity.

A

manifest functions

43
Q

Based the Social Change

A

division of labor

44
Q

Advocacy of the rights of women to be
equal with men in all spheres of life.

A

feminism

45
Q

Father of Sociology

A

AUGUSTE COMTE

46
Q

Invented the word sociology

A

AUGUSTE COMTE

47
Q

Scientific Method > Human Behavior and
society

Comte believed that the scientific method could
be applied to the study of human behavior and society, and
that this new field could produce knowledge of society based
on scientific evidence.

A

Knowledge of society > Scientific
Evidence

48
Q

was regarded by Durkheim as one of the distinctive properties of social facts

A

Social constraint

49
Q

One item used to stand for or represent another— as in the case of a flag, which symbolizes a nation.

A

symbol 

SOCIOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS (2 decks)

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