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The Development Gap Flashcards

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1
Q

What is GNP?

What does it measure?

A

Gross National Product

Measures the total value of all goods and services produced by a nation in a particular year.
Low GNP= likely to be an LEDC

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2
Q

What is GNI?

What does it measure?

A

Gross national income

The value of goods and services produced within a country, including the income received from other countries and payments made to other countries.

Low GNI= high BR

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3
Q

Why are GNP and GNI not good measures to divide up the world?

A

They are only economic measures so they give no clear indication of the population’s living standard, income, education or cultural quality of life.

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4
Q

What is HDI?
What does it measure? How does it measure it?
Is it a good measure?

A

Human Development Index
Scale of 0-1, 1= wealthy
An index based on three variables: life expectancy at birth, level of education and income adjusted for purchasing power.

A good measure as it is an indicator of overall development.

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5
Q

What does a low birth rate indicate?

A

Low birth rate= MEDC

In MEDCs, women are more equal and have achieved high levels of education and employment, therefore they have fewer children.

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6
Q

Why are death rates poor indicators of development?

A

Both LEDCs and MEDCs have high birth rates.

LEDCs= bad health care and sanitation 
MEDCs= ageing population.
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7
Q

What does a low infantry mortality rate suggest?

A

Low Infant mortality= MEDC as it shows that few babies die at a young age as the country has developed care facilities.

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8
Q

How does ‘people per doctor’ indicate a country’s development?

A

LEDCs have a high people per doctor ratio as they are dens,eye population and do not have a skilled/educated workforce. This puts a strain on healthcare.

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9
Q

What does a high literacy rate suggest about a country’s stage of development?

A

Countries with a high literacy rate are MEDCs as it shows that a greater proportion of the population are educated.

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10
Q

How does ‘access to safe water’ show a country’s stage in development?

A

If a country has access to safe water then it is an MEDC.

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11
Q

What does a high life expectancy suggest about a country’s stage of development and why?

A

A high life expectancy= ageing population= MEDC as it shows that healthcare is of a good standard to less people die due to illnesses.

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12
Q

What are the different ways of classifying the world?

A

1st, 2nd and 3rd world countries
5 fold division
N-S divide
Developing states

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13
Q

What does 1st, 2nd and 3rd world mean?

A

1st= MEDCs such as UK, USA etc
2nd= NICs such as Brazil, India and China
3rd World= LEDCs such as Zambia

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14
Q

What are the categories of the 5 fold division?

A 
Rich industrialising countries 
Oil exporting countries 
Newly Industrialising economies 
Former communist countries 
Heavily indebted countries
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15
Q

What does the North-South divide suggest?

A 
North = richer 
South= poorer

Not necessarily true as Australia is in the south, yet it is developed and Iraq is in the north, and it is an LEDC.

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16
Q

What are the three developing stages?

A

MEDCs
LEDCs
NICs

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17
Q

What is the difference between quality of life and standard of living.

A

Quality of life is subjective= person’s point of view on their quality of life.

Standard of living is objective= takes into account factors such as health, education and income.

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18
Q

What factors make global development inequalities worse?

A 
Social 
Economical
Political
Physical 
Environmental
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19
Q

How do social factors make global development inequalities worse?

A

-Education: a poor country finds it difficult to find education for all children to a good levels. This low literacy rate puts off investors= no funding or development opportunities.

-Health= in 1963, Sierra Leone got its independence and managed to set up a health care. However, it has not been able to maintain this and so there is a high people per doctor ratio.
Many people are ill and ill people cannot work= deteriorating economy.

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20
Q

How do economic factors make global development inequalities worse?

A
  • low life expectancy and standard of living make it impossible for a country to develop and expand as the population cannot earn money.
  • countries in or have just emerged from civil wars (e.g. Somalia and Sierra Leone) are the poorest and global policies have not favoured these countries as tariffs have been put in place on many items. These means that goods are too expensive and they cannot afford it= famine and disease.
  • Africa is the least industrialised continent and so countries are reluctant to invest in it due to the political instability, unreliable services and a poorly skilled workforce.
  • countries invest in another if they have a high GDP and HDI: not what LEDCs have*
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21
Q

How do physical factors make global development inequalities worse?

(BIG SLIDE SOZ MATEY!!)

A
  • mountainous terrains, swamp land, deserts = landlocked–> no port–> not easy to trade.
  • most of pop are debilitated by malaria and especially HIV/AIDS- which is what many people suffer from in sub-Saharan Africa= people cannot improve their standard of living as they are so ill= many children are orphaned.
  • climatic hazards e.g droughts strike Africa regularly= limits future development and destroys what may have already been achieved.
  • poor water quality causes disease, which debilitates people and prevents economic development. Pop suffers from Malaria and river blindness as these are carried in water.
  • rainfall varies throughout the year and some areas may not have access to irrigation= poor crop yield.
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22
Q

Hurricane Ivan Case Study (no effects or responses)

A

7th September 2004
Winds up to 200kph- causing extensive damage.
At its peak: size of Texas.
Hurricane occurred along the Gulf of Mexico and affected many islands- one of them being the island of Grenada.
Tenth most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded.

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23
Q

Effects of hurricane Ivan

A
  • trees were broken and uprooted
  • services and buildings were destroyed
  • roads were blocked by fallen trees
  • 37 people were killed
  • 90% of houses were damaged/destroyed, including the PM’s house.
  • Power and telecommunication systems were disrupted and almost all schools were destroyed.
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24
Q

What were the short term effects and how were they overcome?

A

People lacked food, clean water and medical care but these were overcome by organisations and other countries providing aid.

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25
Q

Long term effects of hurricane Ivan? How did this affect their development?

A

Dominating economic opportunities such as agriculture and tourism were destroyed and infrastructure was damaged. This meant that the country made less money and also had to pay a lot of money to repair all damages.

This affected their development as money was being spent on reparations as opposed to expanding and developing their country further.

26
Q

Describe features of Rocinha

A
  • Largest favela in Brazil
  • Located southern zone of city, on steep hillside and 1km from the beach.
  • Home to 60,000 to 150,000 people (high density)
  • Poor services and sanitation.
  • high crime and unemployment levels.
26
Q

How did Rocinha develop?

A
  • Authorities have set up self- help schemes
  • Residence were provided with materials needed to construct permanent accommodation (e.g breeze blocks, cement, brick)
  • Residence provided the labour…therefore the money saved can be spent on providing better amenities (e.g electricity and water)
26
Q

Was the Favela Bairro project successful for Rocinha?

A

Yes.

  • Almost all houses are made of concrete and brick= strong and sturdy so they will not be destroyed by flash floods.
  • Some homes are 3 or 4 stories tall.
  • Almost all houses have basic sanitation, plumbing and electricity.
  • It has better infrastructure than other slums or shantytowns
  • Hundreds of businesses have been set up (banks, bus lines and even a McDonalds franchise)
27
Q

How do economic factors increase global inequalities?

A

-Richer countries want to pay as little as possible for their raw materials…may of which come from LEDCs= less £
-There is more supply than demand from LEDCs to MEDCs= £ are low.
-LEDCs compete with each other by lowering their prices so that they attract buyers for commodities such as tea, bananas etc.
Therefore, farmers do not receive enough money to support their families.

28
Q

Case study to show how economic factors can increase global inequalities.

(Banana Wars in Ecuador….that rhymes :))

A

-Ecuador is the world’s top banana exporter and the EU is the largest banana market.
-Plantations can be large (600hq) where there are many workers and the owner is rich. (Rare)
-Small plantations (1hq) where work is done by owner who is poor and has a low standard of living.
Large importers do not have import tariffs where as smaller importers do= unfair…

29
Q

How can trade be made more far (Banana wars)

A
  • Free trade: low tariffs= cheaper goods and more trade, so suppliers and consumers will benefit.
  • Fair-trade: higher and more stable prices should be paid to third world producers so that they can improve their quality of life and gain profit.
  • Ethical trade- large supermarkets, clothes and shoe shops should buy more of their goods from third world producers.
30
Q

How do social factors increase global inequalities?

A
  • Clean water is essential for good health, to allow people to work effectively and to enable good crop production.
  • if water is in short supply, people spend time searching for it, wasting valuable energy carrying it.
  • ->if the water is dirty and contaminated, people become ill and less able to work and support their family.
  • great improvements in standard of living have been experienced in villages where there is a constant supply of safe and clean water*
31
Q

Social factors leading to greater global inequality case study- Marunda Project

features of Marunda

A
  • Marunda, North-East Indonesia, lacked a reliable water source so people had to buy water–>costs 30 times more than piped water.
  • Poorest could not afford this.
  • Sewage could not be washed away: caused diseases. Out of the 20% of deaths in children, 5% was due to dirty water.
  • Authorities tried but lacked funding
32
Q

Plans put in place for Marunda to overcome water problamo?

Effects of the plan ?

A

Plans:
-In 1999, Thames water began a £60,000 project to bring piped water to Marunda.
-They involved locals to ensure needs would be met.
Effects:
-By 2000 over 1600 homes had clean and piped water.
-Improved sanitation led to health benefits
-Price of newly piped water is a third of the prices they used to pay–>more money for basic needs (e.g. food, clothes)

33
Q

What Political factors affect global inequalities?

A

E.g. Solomon Islands and Zimbabwe

  • Corrupt politicians enrich themselves illegally at expense of own country’s development= money not available for education, health services, roads, clean water and sanitation. In Zimbabwe, the economy has been almost completely destroyed and inflation has exceeded 1,000%.
  • Corrupt governments are unstable…this puts off investors as they cannot rely on the money reaching the target. Weak economies cannot afford to miss out on this income.
34
Q

What is the pattern of world trade?

A
  • MEDCs export valuable manufactured goods (e.g. electronics,cars etc) and import cheaper primary products (e.g. tea and coffee).
  • In LEDCs it’s the opposite is true–> LEDCs have little purchasing power, making it difficult for them to pay off their debts or escape from poverty.
  • Price of primary products= fluctuates —> LEDCs’ workers and producers lose out when price drops. -Price of manufactured goods= steady—> MEDCs always benefit.
35
Q

What are the attempts to reduce imbalances in world trade?

A

To allow LEDCs to develop we need to:
-Increase trade and reduce their balance of trade deficit

HOWEVER… MEDCs often impose:

  • Tariffs—> foreign goods become more expensive to the consumer.
  • Quotas= work in the MEDC’s favour, but not the LEDCs.
36
Q

What is a trade surplus?

A

Value of exports is greater than value of imports.

37
Q

What is trade deficit?

A

When a country has more imports than exports.

38
Q

What are tariffs?

A

Taxes imposed on important a making foreign goods more expensive for consumers.

39
Q

What are quotas?

A

Limits put in place on the amount of imports.

40
Q

How does Fair Trade help reduce global inequalities?

A

It is a system whereby agricultural producers in countries at lesser stages of development are paid fair price for their produce. This helps them maintain a standard of living.

41
Q

What are Trading Groups and how do they help reduce global inequalities?

A

Agreements between a group of countries which allows free trade between all members. E.g. The EU.
This helps reduce global inequalities as it means that LEDCs do not need to pay extra money for goods= more money saved—> used for development.

42
Q

What is debt relief?

A

This is when in extreme cases, poor countries have their debts written off/abolished. This benefits them hugely as it means that they can use their money to improve living standards instead of trying to pay back the country.

43
Q

What are conservation swaps and how do they allow countries to develop?

A

This is when MEDCs pay LEDCs (with valuable land) money to pay off their debt in return for them to conserve their rainforests or undergo an environmental project.
E.g in 1980s, Bolivia set up a nature reserve when the North American conservation group payed them $650,000.

44
Q

+ and - of SHORT TERM AID in donor and recipient countries

A

Donor :
+= people give willingly in a disaster (‘feel good’ factor)
-= none.

Recipient :
+= immediate help: lives are saved and flow of aid may continue following publicity of disaster.
-= occasionally, well-meaning governments and organisations fail to provide what is exactly needed.

45
Q

+ and - of LONG TERM AID in donor and recipient countries

A

Donor:
+= companies and individuals find satisfying and well paid work in jobs overseas.
Trade may continue in future.
-= none.

Recipient:
+= new industries improve skills and employment.
Agricultural improvements–> new and better crops.
Trade may continue into the future.
-= tied aid–> recipient reliant on donor
Agricultural change may not be sustainable= level of technology too high.
Local people may lose land to large-scale projects

46
Q

+ and - of TOP-DOWN AID in donor and recipient countries

A

Donor:
+= coordinated by government or international organisations–> feel in control.
-= projects swallow large amounts of money- donors may feel it is wasted.

Recipient:
+= capital-intensive- aims to improve country as a whole.
Funds large projects e.g. Dams, national infrastructure.
-= most ordinary people do not benefit directly.

47
Q

+ and - of BOTTOM-UP AID in donor and recipient countries

A

Donor:
+= NGO aid so individuals give to charity for the ‘feel good factor’.
Feeling of direct link between donor and recipe is y (e.g. Sponsor schemes such as ActionAid)
-= none

Recipient:
+= NGOs work with recipient communities who have an input in the project.
Money isn’t lost to corruption.
Appropriate technology is used–> SUSTAINABLE.
-= charity funds may reduce in economic recession.

48
Q

Large scale development project to show the role of international aid donors in recipient countries.

(CAHORA BASSA DAM)

Features only.

A
  • Portuguese government began construction in 1960s but finished in 1990s as civil war prevented construction.
  • 5 turbines
  • 3 major dams
49
Q

Impacts of the Cahora Bassa Dam

A

-1% of Mozambique’s rural homes now have electricity.
^* however, it has the potential to supply the whole population with extricate…instead it is sold to South Africa–> £ made goes into economy not citizens
-River flow rediced–> Fishing industry declined.
-Increase potential of flood= loss of crops

50
Q

Was the Bassa dam a success?

A

In terms of development= no

In terms of economy= yes as it receives money for the electricity it sells to other countries.

51
Q

Small scale project to encourage sustainable development

COMMUNITY YOUTH EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMME

A

Voluntary UK students work with pupils in developing countries such as Uganda to:

  • increase knowledge of AIDS and environmental health (through role plays and drama)
  • teach pupils energy efficient methods.
52
Q

Example of where community youth empowerment programme has taken place

A

Kabager village: students taught pupils to/

  • make fuel-efficient fire stoves= cook food
  • construct covered water tanks= three natural Springs were polluted so this construction prevented water from being contaminated.

These methods improved their quality of life and reduced risk of death due to water-related illnesses.

53
Q

Medium scale project case study

Action Aid- Mumbai

(Main aims)

A

ActionAid works in developing countries with the following 6 target areas of relief:

  • HIV/AIDS
  • Hunger and food
  • Women’s rights
  • right to education for all
  • right to security
  • right to a good government
54
Q

Where does ActionAid work and how?

A

Work in areas such as Daravi- the world’s worst slum. it has limited services and an extremely high pop density.

Some work is done through sponsorship schemes where donors are encouraged to give monthly to general projects or to sponsor a child= successful approach as Donors like the idea of improving the life chances of people.

55
Q

Why is ActionAid a good scheme

A

SUSTAINABLE.

  • Low technology is used
  • Locals benefit whilst costs remain lows
  • Environmental quality is improved.
56
Q

Use two countries in the EU that have different levels of development

(Not using the case studies from textbook- using different ones)

A

Germany is part of the economic core whilst Romania is on its periphery.

  • Germany has a GDP per capita of €41,000 whilst Romania has €21,000.
  • Germany has a 99% literacy rate whilst Romania has 98.8%.
  • Germany has 11.6 deaths per 1,000 whilst Romania has 11.9.
  • Unemployment levels in Germany are 7.7% but 24% in Romania.
  • In Gemrnany, 1.6% is agriculture and 73.8% are in services but Romania has 28.3% in agriculture and only 42% in services.
  • Germany can have a lot of trade as it has around 2,500km of coast and the Rhine river but Romania has Carpathian Mountains which land locks= little trade.
57
Q

What are the attempts made by the EU to reduce the contrasting levels of development?

A

CAP

Urban II Fund.

58
Q

What does CAP do?

A

Common Agricultural Policy includes a system of subsidies paid to EU farmers. Main purposes are:

  • guarantee minimum levels of production so that there is enough food for Europe’s population.
  • ensures a fair standard of living for farmers
  • ensures a reasonable price to customers.
  • preserves appearance and guarantees survival of rural areas.
  • however, CAP cannot maintain support all members of EU as well as it did before*
59
Q

What is Urban II fund?

A

Urban II fund is for sustainable development in troubled districts of European cities. It aims to provide social and economic regeneration which includes:

  • improving living conditions
  • creating new jobs in services that benefit pop
  • integrating less favoured groups of people into education so that they can find satisfactory employment.
  • make greater use of technology
  • use up to date ICT technology to make work more efficient and to improve people’s skills and job prospects.
60
Q

How does Urban II fund help people ?

A
  • Has 70 different programmes that affect 2.2 million people.
  • Has a budget of £728.3 million between 2000-2006.
  • Money is divided according to need: measured by population numbers and unemployment rates.

Human Geography (4 decks)

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