The design, operation, and maintenace of building systems, part2 Flashcards
What are the four basic elements of facility security that the property manager relies on?
Physical barriers
Electronics
Personnel
Procedures
What are three basic features that should be identified by a facility profile?
If should identify the building structure, function, and occupants.
What are the key security areas that require proper security measures in every building?
Windows Ventilation intakes Doors Locks and key control Lighting
What are the three functional assemblies of a lock?
A latch for bolt – holds the movable parts, such as a door or window, to its frame
A maze obstacle segment or tumbler array that is the barrier that must be passed to move the bolt.
The key for unlocking device that is specifically designed to pass the barrier and move the ball
What are the three common types of bolts and latches?
Spring-loaded latches – automatically engages the strike by action of the spring
Deadbolts – must be manually moved into the strike
Spring-loaded deadbolt latch – like a dead bolt latch but can only be opened with the key
What is a change key?
Standard key that fits a single lock within a master key system or any other single lock that is not a part of a Master Key system
What is a sub master key?
The key that opens all locks in a particular area or grouping in the facility.
What is a grand master key?
The key that opens every lock and key system involving two or more master keys.
What is a control key?
It is a maintenance key that removes the core of the lock from the housing and allows the combination for the lock to be reset.
What are the three types of protective lighting?
Continuous lighting – series of fix lights flood the protected area with overlapping cones of light.
Glare protection lighting – used to illuminate the perimeter of facility. Creates glare in the eyes of intruder while building remains in darkness.
Controlled lighting – parking lots
What is Watch tour monitoring?
Specifically designed hardware and software used to document a security officers patrol.
Other than cost, what you look for when identifying a quality security company?
Documented proof of comprehensive hiring procedures and training
Hiring – education and prior employment, criminal history, screen for substance abuse, administering preemployment screening, conducting personal interviews
Training – preassigned the training, on-the-job training, retraining systems, management training
What are the two types of physical barriers and what are some examples of each type?
Physical barriers are natural barrier such as bodies of water, earth berms, plantings, and mountains; and structural barriers such as walls, fences, grills, and bars.
What is the difference between intrusion contacts and wire and screen sensors?
Intrusion Contacts use a magnetic or spring-loaded switch that breaks electrical circuit during unauthorized entry; wire and screen sensors used electrical conductors woven into screen fabric to detect cutting or removal.
What is the difference between motion detectors and photoelectronic sensors?
Motion detector sensed changes in heat, vibration, or soundwaves; photo electronic sensors detect the breaking of a beam of light.
How do CCTV cameras support security personnel?
Close circuit television cameras provide unobtrusive surveillance, allow identification prior to entry or exit, provided deterrent, can record incidents, provide better and more effective use of security personnel.
What are the major issues to consider when determining the number of security officers needed to monitor facility?
Issues to consider are building hours of operation, number of contacts, vehicle entrances, number and type of patrols per shift, and whether escort or other special services will be provided.
Which is a structural barrier related to facility security? Earth berm Wall Body of water Plantings
Wall
Physical barriers, both natural and structural, are used to do all of the following except:
Notify authorities of an emergency
Delay and impede unauthorized entry
Restrict and channel the flow of traffic
Provide for efficient and effective use of security personnel
Notify authorities of an emergency
In a facility, the key that opens all locks that are part of a hierarchal key system is a: Change key Maison key Master key Sub master key
Master key
A sensor that detects intrusion by breaking the beam of light is a (N): Intrusion contact Wire and screen sensor Motion detector Photoelectric sensor
Photoelectric sensor
All of the following are issues to consider when determining the number of security officers needed to monitor a facility except:
Building hours of operation
The number of contacts (people passing by)
Vehicle entrances and their operating hours
Frequency of OSHA inspections
Frequency of OSHA inspections
Fill in the blank: data gathering devices the capture watch tour security information via magnetic strips or barcodes are part of a (n) \_\_\_\_\_watch tour system. Electronic Operating Mechanical Closed circuit
Electronic
Identification of the quality security company depends on documented proof of comprehensive and proper: Uniforms and procedures Posted patrols Hiring and training Expenses and fees
Hiring and training
Who should be represented on the incident response management team?
Each business function or building tenant.
What should happen to incident response management team members that do not attend meetings or fully engage in the planning process?
They should be replaced
What data should be gathered as part of an emergency response plan?
– Name, title, and department or building location
– Phone contact numbers
– Emergency contact numbers
– Email addresses
What are the basic areas that should be addressed concerning task assignments in an emergency response plan?
– Establish communication channel for upper management
– Establish command center location and stock with supplies
– Establish expectations for all employees who are aware of incident
– Evacuation plan
– Notification procedures for in-house security and local authorities
– Identify equipment and staff will secure affected areas
– Identify qualified medical staff
– Develop public response plan
– Procedures for alternate work locations
What is included in a technical operations analysis?
– Data storage and backup
– Recovery processes and timetables
– Capturing programming modifications
– Unique systems identification
To ensure full commitment, who should introduce a business recovery plan?
The president or senior management
In order to identify and develop BOC plans, how should business functions be prioritized?
– Facility recovery
– Recovery of business processes
– Technical data and systems recovery
– Other recovery procedures
What should a written and well-documented emergency and disaster plan include?
Provisions for occupants safety and security; prevention or minimization of damage to facilities; protection of assets; safeguards against damage or loss of critical information; rapid restoration of critical facility mechanical operations and functions
What are the basic areas that should be addressed concerning task assignments in an emergency response plan?
Communication channels; incident command center location; expectations for employees; evacuation and assembly plan; notification procedures; responsibilities of staff and identification of quality medical staff; accounting for missing employees; public response plan; alternative work locations
What should be addressed a post-incident meeting?
– Whether damage has occurred and whether business functions will be disrupted
– Employee return to work notifications
– Employee incident debriefing
– Employee and community communications
– Communication with local authorities if criminal activities are identified
– Identification and retention of all related security records
What is included in business operations continuation planning?
-Business operations analysis
– Technical operations analysis
– Developing the recovery plan
– Writing the plan
What are the three most important steps in the business recovery plan development process?
– Identify critical business functions
– Capture technical functions
– Establish recovery priorities
Which is least likely to be part of emergency and disaster planning?
– Identification of the most affordable insurance companies
– Prevention or minimization of damage to facilities
– Protection of assets
– Protection against loss of critical information
– Identification of the most affordable insurance companies
Which is true concerning the incident response management team for a facility?
– Each business function or building tenant should have a representative on the team.
– If the main team has more than 10 members, backup personnel are not necessary.
– Participation in the team should be considered proprietary and kept private within the organization.
– Members who do not attend meetings should be accommodated rather than replaced.
– Each business function or building tenant should have a representative on the team.
Which information would be least helpful to local law enforcement and fire department personnel when developing an emergency response plan?
– Facility floor plans
– Average vacancy and churn rates
– Emergency contact lists
– Whether security staff is armed or unarmed
Average vacancy and churn rates
Which should be established in the emergency response plan and communicated to team members prior to the incident?
– The average response time of the local fire department
– An estimate of the number of emergencies per year
– The average water pressure required in local fire hydrants
– An incident command center location
– An incident command center location
For emergency planning, which is part of the post incident action plan and occurs after the initial emergency is over?
– A determination of whether damage will disrupt any business functions
– Development of contact list emergency service providers
– Identification and preparation of an incident command center location
– Development of the facility occupant evacuation or assembly plan
A determination of whether damage will disrupt any business functions
In order to secure for commitment to a business recovery plan, introduction of the plan should be provided by the: – Middle managers – Staff or union representatives – Company president or senior management – Supervisory staff
– Company president or senior management
What are the three ingredients necessary for fire?
Fuel
Oxygen
Heat
What is a code?
Documented requirements adopted by a legally empowered legislative body, such as a city or state government
What is a standard?
A document that contains specific details of design or construction methods.
What is a check valve?
The device that permits water to flow in one direction only.
What does a fire – pump system typically consist of?
Primary fire pump – four waterflow
Jockey pump – pressurize the system to compensate for incremental pressure lost due to leaks, etc.
Controller –
Driver – motor on emergency power, engine, etc.
What are the four occupancy hazard levels classified by NFPA 13?
Light hazard – quantity and combustibility of content is low, fire low heat-offices, cafeteria seating areas.
Ordinary hazard (group 1) – combustibility low quantity moderate, fire moderate heat, stockpiles less than 8 feet are; parking lots, display areas
Ordinary hazard (group 2) – high quantity and combustibility, stockpiles less than 12 feet, mother to high heat; machine shops, plants
Extra hazard (group 1 and two) – high quantity highly combustible such as flammable liquids. Rapid spreading fire with high heat – hydraulic fluid use a printing areas.
Why is the fire extinguishing agent Halon being phased out?
Due to regulations due to ozone depletion.
What are the four classes of fires extinguishing agent used in fire extinguishers specifically for each class?
Class a – combustibles – water-based and multipurpose dry chemical
Class B liquids – phones, dry chemical, CO2
– class c – electrical – CO2, dry chemical
class D – metals – agent specifically for that metal
What is stratification?
When smoke can no longer arrive because it is the same temperature as the surrounding air
Briefly explain the building codes and firefighting procedures for high-rise buildings.
High-rise building has occupied floors 25 feet above the lowest level with fire department access.
A fire command system station is established to monitor and control all fire systems. Includes voice alarm, fire communication, fire detection, and fire signaling systems.
Where are voice alarm system speakers generally installed?
Elevators, elevator lobbies, exit stairways, and rooms greater than 1000 ft.²
Explain the use of independent controls for a smoke control system.
Ensure smoke control system is always available for operation. They should include position indicators of airflow and manual controls that are separate yet available to the fire department. Power should be from a constant source. Should be incorporated into the HVAC system.
How should fire protection control valves be positioned and inspected?
Each valve should be open and locked open or have a tamper switch. They should be numbered and should have a sign indicating the portion of the system they control. Period inspections with valve condition listed on a report.
Explain the code requirements for a new building.
The new building is designed, constructed, and occupied under the current edition of applicable building codes and standards; usually the date of application for a permit dictates which edition of a code applies to the work covered by that permit; once completed the new building must remain in compliance with the building codes that applied when it was legally approved for occupancy.
Explain the code requirements when a renovation, addition, or change of use is made to an existing building.
Changes must comply with the codes applicable to the new construction time of renovation, addition, or change of use.
What is the purpose of fire rated walls, and why do fire rated doors usually have a lower rating than the fire rating of the surrounding walls?
They prevent horizontal passage of fire; because building contents (the fuel for the fire) are not located in front of the doors.
What are the benefits of an automatic sprinkler system?
– Apply water automatically and directly to the burning area prior to the arrival of the fire department
– Warn occupants of the fire
– Cool hot gas smoke and minimize smoke development
– Allowing area to be safely occupied longer by controlling or limiting fire size
– Prevent flashover
How should fire protection control valves be handled when building alterations or repairs are being done?
Ves should remain open, sprinkler systems kept in service to the greatest extent possible; when sprinkler protection is expected to be interrupted, insurance company and fire department should be notified.
Any changes or modifications to building made after the initial occupancy date are usually subject to code requirements:
– For a new building.
– In effect only at the initial occupancy date.
– That may take effect within the following two years.
– That apply nationwide.
– For a new building.
Proposed renovations and existing building must meet code provisions:
– Applicable to the building only when it was originally constructed.
– Applicable to new construction.
– Applicable within the past five years.
– That are under consideration but not yet adopted.
– Applicable to new construction.
Besides controlling the fire, an automatic sprinkler system is designed to:
– Eliminate smoke.
– Replace active fire protection.
– Work only while the building is unoccupied.
– Prevent flashover.
– Prevent flashover.
A foam based fire extinguisher is most likely to be used on a: – Class A fire. – Class B fire. – Class C fire. – Class D fire.
– Class B fire.
Which is true concerning firefighting in high-rise buildings?
– Firefighting efforts are executed entirely from outside the building.
– Whenever possible, the fire floor and those above and below it are evacuated simultaneously.
– The complete and immediate evacuation of all occupants from all floors is always warranted.
– The building codes do not contain specific fire alarm provisions for high-rise buildings.
– Whenever possible, the fire floor and those above and below it are evacuated simultaneously.
For a voice fire alarm system high-rise building, speakers are generally installed in: – Small rooms. – Restrooms. – Corridors. – Private offices.
– Corridors.
Activation of the smoke control system is best done by operation of: – Smoke detectors. – Manual pull stations. – Sprinkler system. – Heat detectors.
– A sprinkler system.
Which is true concerning control valves in a fire protection system?
– Control valves should never be oiled or greased. – Each control valve should be secured in it’s normal, open position with a seal.
– Electronic tamper switches for control valves are no longer legal.
– By law, control valves must be inspected daily.
– Each control valve should be secured in it’s normal, open position with a seal.
All of the following should be notified when the sprinkler valve is closed or when sprinkler protection is expected to be interrupted except the: – Insurance company. – Property manager. – Police Department. – Fire department.
– Police Department.
What is electricity?
The flow of electrons through a conducting medium.
What is current, and what is a conductor?
Current – the flow of electrical charge
Conductor – the wire that carries current to a load
What a volt and a voltmeter?
Volt – the measure of the pressure of electrical current in an electrical circuit.
Voltmeter – the meter that is connected across the terminals of either a source of applied electromotive force or a circuit component to measure the EMF or voltage.
What are an ampere and an ammeter?
ampere – the measure of the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit
Ammeter- the meter that measures the flow of electrical current and antlers
What is the formula for calculating Watts?
W=VA
What is a kilowatt hour?
It is 1000 W per hour
What is a dedicated circuit?
An electrical circuit or telephone line reserved exclusively for one appliance or occupant.
What is a fuse?
A device that provides overcurrent protection by acting as a controlled weak link in a circuit. The metal ribbon or element is made of an alloy that will melt from the heat of an overcurrent condition.
What is a circuit breaker?
A device that allows a circuit to be opened and closed manually. This device will also open the circuit automatically if a predetermined amount of current flows through it.
What is a variable frequency drive?
A solid-state device to use to vary the speed of a typical three phase induction motor to satisfy change in load.
What is the difference between a brown out and a blackout?
Brownout – planned drops in voltage of 5% or more.
Blackouts – total electric supply failure.
In addition to the equipment categories that typically constitute the electric load in commercial buildings, what else should be included in the planning for the distribution system?
Estimates of future loads.
What is EMT?
A very popular metal conduit for non-watertight applications.
What are electrical system safety regulations intended to govern?
They govern the design and use of electrical systems and components to protect the public and the workers who operate and maintain those systems as well as the equipment and buildings in which it is installed.
What is the best way to avoid being injured in an electrical accident while performing repairs or maintenance?
Deenergizing the circuit to be worked on.
What is clean power?
It is electrical power that has been filtered to eliminate any electromagnetic interference, harmonic distortion, and noise.
When are three-phase and single phase power systems used?
Large electrical motors for pumps and HVAC systems and commercial buildings typically operate with three-phase power
General office lighting and receptacles operate with single phase power
What are the two basic types of UPS systems?
Static – rectifier charger, DC bus, and inverter
Rotating – motor generator set the flywheel. AC electric drives motor and flywheel, generator provides power. Flywheel keeps generator running if AC power goes away. Most drive-through times Are ½ seconds.
What is grounding and how is it accomplished?
Grounding is safely connecting electrical equipment and devices to earth; it is accomplished by attaching a grounding wire to a metal rod inserted into the ground or attached to the building steel frame or plumbing system
What are the two types of battery-operated emergency power sources?
Central battery systems – bank of batteries, transfer switch, Control Panel. Loss of power, transfer switches to internal batteries.
Individual battery systems – emergency lighting, fire panel battery, etc.
What is a transformer and what does it do?
A transformer is a device the transfers electrical energy from one AC to a second AC circuit, with no direct electrical connection.
It uses electromagnetic energy to either increase or decrease the input voltage that is supplied as an output value appropriate for the load.
For what types of buildings and facilities might on-site power generation be more economical?
– Buildings with large demands or areas greater than 500,000 ft.²
– Multiple buildings on one site
– Poor reliability
– Low fuel rates
– Sophisticated operating personnel
– Financial policy that accept payback periods in excess of eight years
– Space to accommodate equipment installation
What is the difference between dual service and normal reserve service?
Both dual and normal reserve service are two full capacity lines originating from the utility company and terminating in the automatic transfer switch gear; the difference is that for the normal reserves service the entire load receive power from one line.
What is the main advantage of on-site power generation?
The ability to use waste heat from the machine generating power.
What are electrical system safety regulations intended to govern?
Electrical system safety regulations govern the public and workers who operate and maintain the system, as well as the equipment and buildings in which it is installed.
What are the major components of a total energy system?
– Fuels
– Prime movers
– Waste heat boilers
-Steam absorption refrigeration equipment
General office lighting and receptacles operate using: – Single phase power. – Three-phase power. – Rectifiers. – Motor generators.
– Single phase power
What are the most frequently used fuels for a total energy system?
– Diesel fuel oil
– Natural gas
What provides an emergency path to remove current safely in case of a malfunction in the electrical system? – Rectifying – Phasing – Grounding – Generating
– Grounding
Why is there a trend with total energy systems to be able to convert readily between different fuels?
To minimize vulnerability to unexpected price increases or shortages of one particular fuel.
Filling the blank: a 100 W lamp that operates for 10 hours uses \_\_\_\_\_of electricity. – 1/2 kWh -1 kWh -10 kWh -1000 A
1000 amperes
What must current interrupting device be able to do?
They must be able to interrupt faults successfully.
The automatic tripping mechanism in the circuit breaker can either be thermal or: – Magnetic. – Chemical. – Pressure based. – Rotary
– Magnetic.
What are harmonics?
Distortion of both voltage and current in an electrical system.
Which is the best description of a transformer?
– A group of large fuses and circuit breakers the control the flow of electricity
– An electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current
– Electrical device that allows a circuit to be opened and closed manually
– An electrical device that changes the voltage electricity passing through it
– An electrical device that changes the voltage of electricity passing through it
What does a power factor of less than one cause?
Part of the current performs no work; instead it builds and drains electrical magnetic energy fields once each cycle.
Which is true concerning a VFD?
– It is an old technology that is being phased out.
– It raises or lowers the load on an electric motor and provide circuit protection.
– It is a highly flexible device that is compatible with almost any type of motor.
– There is a limit to the distance between it and the motor
– There is a limit to the distance between it and the motor.
What is a common technique for offsetting the phase lag and the resulting poor power factor from large inductive motor loads?
To install capacitors – a device that stores electricity for short periods of time by establishing an electrostatic field between two conducting media.
The difference between normal reserve service and dual service is that:
– Only the normal reserve service has two full capacity services originating from the utility company.
– With the normal reserve service the entire load received its power from one line.
– Only the normal reserves service terminates in the automatic transfer switch gear.
– With the normal reserves service, if one service fails, the load is transferred to the other service.
– With the normal reserves service, the entire load receives its power from one line.
What are the general maintenance requirements for switchgear?
Removing dust and dirt to exercise components that do not move during normal operation.
Planning for the distribution system for a commercial building should include an estimate of: – Future building loads. – Increases in utility charges. – Alterations of local building codes. – Changes in utility providers.
– Future building loads.
What are the five specified steps for switchgear maintenance?
– Cleaning – Inspecting – Exercising – Servicing – Testing
The best way to avoid being injured when working with electrical equipment is to: – Wear rubber sold shoes. – Deenergize the circuit. – Work in pairs. – Double ground the equipment.
– Deenergize the circuit
What is the most important maintenance function for transformers?
Ensuring that the means for continuously removing heat is maintained
Why is it important to keep motors clean and adequately ventilated?
- Capacity of an electric motor is a function of temperature
- motor should be inspected to prevent the restriction of air passages
With the three primary categories of charges for electrical service?
Customer charge – flat fee for service connection
Energy charge – fee for energy consumption
Demand charge – recoup costs gear needed to meet demands
What are how are factor charges?
Charges for larger generation and distribution facilities needed to compensate for reduced system efficiency.
What are time – of – use charges?
Charging based on when electricity is used.
What is the demand ratchet?
Charging a minimum charge for electrical usage based on a peak demand for the previous 12 months.
What are the two primary purposes for UPS system?
– To supply a constant voltage, frequency, and generally clean AC power
– To maintain power for a specified during power outages.
What is power factor and what is the concern associated with low power factor and utility charges?
- Power factor is the ratio of real power in kilowatts to apparent power involved amps expressed as a decimal or percentage
- with low power factor, the utility companies may require equipment that will increase the power factor, and they charge penalties for a low-power.
Why is heat a concern with Transformers?
He will decrease the life of a transformer, and excessive heat will cause a transformer to lose rated capacity.
What is infrared thermography?
It is an effective way to survey electrical switchgear and electrical circuit connections by detecting and recording the overheating and thermal agitation of electrical equipment and connections that usually indicates a loose connection, corrosion, or other pending failure.
Why is it important to keep motors clean and adequately ventilated?
Temperature control is critical to satisfactory operations of motor with regard to capacity, so they must be adequately ventilated to maintain proper temperatures.
The main reason to have a well-designed UPS system is to:
– Reduce utility bills.
– Provide computer data backup.
– Maintain power for a specified time period during power outages.
– Raise direct current power for motor startup.
– Maintain power for a specified time period during power outages.
For which of the following is on site electricity generation least likely to be economical? – Multi building campus – Suburban retail building – Specialized building – Large industrial plant
– Suburban retail building
The advantage of on-site electric power generation rising its:
– Decreased maintenance costs.
– Use of waste heat from the generating machine.
– Quick payback period of 2 to 4 years.
– Efficiency when used in smaller buildings.
– Use of waste heat from the generating machine.
The growing trend in gaseous fuel usage for electric power generation is toward: – Exclusive use of natural gas. – Experimentation was sore gas. – Ready conversion between fuels. – Long-term commitment to one fuel.
– Ready conversion between fuels.
Fuses, circuit breakers, relays, and switches not only provide overload protection, but must be able to: – Interrupt faults successfully. – Step down or step up voltage. – Supply emergency or backup power. – Hold power for storage.
– Interrupt faults successfully.
Which problem for electrical distribution systems has been created by technological advances and power supplies for sensitive electronic equipment such as computers and printers? – Harmonics – Short circuits – Overvoltages – Surges
– Harmonics
The ratio of true power to the apparent power in an electrical circuit is: – Reactance. – Power efficiency. – Power factor. – Frequency.
– Power factor.
In most buildings, a low-power factors caused by major industrial load from: – Fluorescent lighting ballasts. – Large motors. – High-voltage transformers. – Low-voltage switchgear.
– Large motors.
The most important maintenance function performed on transformers concerns: – Ventilation for heat removal. – Lubrication of parts. – The replacement of worn-out parts. – Inspection of insulation.
– Ventilation for heat removal.
Many electric utility companies charge for \_\_\_\_\_ since larger generation and distribution facilities are needed to compensate for the system deficiency. – High power factor – Every five floors – Low power factor – Four insulation
– Low power factor
What is candlepower?
The measure of light intensity of a ray of light and specific angle to the light source. The light intensity, or candlepower is measured in candelas. One candela is the light intensity in one direction of the standard size burning candle.
What is glare?
Any brightness from the light source within the field that causes the viewer discomfort; excessive contrast between the light source and surrounding areas that results in impaired vision.
What is reflectance?
The ratio of light reflected from the surface to that which initially strikes the surface.
What has the greatest effect on the difficulty of seeing a task?
The size and contrast of the detail.
What is the relationship between lighting and productivity?
Lower lighting leads to lower productivity.
Must strike balance between enough lighting to keep productivity up and economy of lighting costs.
What is task lighting?
It is lighting designed and located primarily to illuminate the worksurface (desk, table, wall) where writing is done.
What is the most significant internal heat source in the building?
Lighting
1 W of light equals 3.41 BTUs of heat.
What can be done to ease the summer cooling load created by lighting?
Heat transfer fixtures can be used to cause heat to go to ceiling Plenum rather than conditioned space.
What are lumens and footcandles?
Lumens are the measure of the total output of light from the light source;
Footcandles of the measure of luminance for light density.
What causes veiling reflections and how can they be eliminated?
Veiling reflections happen when the light source itself is reflected as a blurred image on a visual task;
They can be eliminated by blocking the problem source, changing the angle of the worksurface in relation to the source, changing the reflective characteristics of the surface, or adding a fine mesh screen.
When is visibility at its minimum and maximum in relation to contrast?
When contrast is greatest, visibility is at its maximum;
When contrast is low, visibility is reduced.
What is uniform lighting?
Uniform lighting is ceiling mounted lighting fixtures arranged in an even pattern in all directions, providing for adequate lighting for any possible arrangement of workstations.
Compare uniform and nonuniform lighting with regard to cost and workstation arrangement.
Uniform lighting allows for greater flexibility for workstation arrangement but has higher energy costs than non-uniform lighting, which is appropriate for areas were workstation placement remains constant and consistent.
What is the best description of the footcandle?
– The measure of illuminance, or light density
– The measure of the total output of light from a light source
– The measure of the light intensity array of light and the specific angle to the light source
– The measure of reflectance of the surface, sometimes referred to as the brightness of the surface
The measure of illuminance, or light density
A quick method to determine whether veiling reflections are a problem is to:
– ask the worker to describe the problem.
– Measure the glare zone near the seated worker.
– Is a footcandle meter to measure reflected light.
– Use a mirror at viewing angle to see reflections.
– Use a mirror at viewing angle to see reflections.
