The Culture and Politics of Athens c.460-399BC Flashcards
1
Q
What percentage of the adult population of Attica had Athenian citizenship?
A
10-20%
2
Q
Who introduced the council of 500?
A
Cleisthenes
3
Q
In what year did Ephialtes introduce a reform of the Areopagus?
A
462/1BC
4
Q
What cases did the Areopagus maintain control of after 462BC?
A
Religious and murder cases
5
Q
Who emerged as most important reformer after Ephialtes’ murder?
A
Pericles
6
Q
How many years in a row was Pericles elected General?
A
15
443BC–>
7
Q
In what year did the Zeugitae class become eligible for Archonship?
A
457/6BC
8
Q
In what year did Pericles establish a change to citizenship requirements - that a citizen must have 2 Athenian parents, not just an Athenian father?
A
451BC
9
Q
Where did the Council meet?
A
The Bouletérion
10
Q
Where did the Prytaneis reside>
A
The Tholos (next to the bouletérion)
11
Q
What was the chairman of the Prytany called?
A
the Epistatés
12
Q
Around how many magistrates were there annually?
A
700
13
Q
How many archons would usually serve on a board?
A
10
14
Q
How were magistrates chosen?
A
By lot
15
Q
How were councillors chosen?
A
By lot (though the tribe would ensure they were spread from among the demes equally)
16
Q
What important archon board was in charge of managing the state prison and administering punishments?
A
The Eleven
17
Q
What test of good character would a magistrate go through before being approved for the role?
A
The dokimasia
(scrutiny)
18
Q
What is the name for the report of his performance a magistrate would make to the Council after his term?
A
the euthynai
19
Q
What was the quorum of votes needed to pass an important vote in the Assembly?
A
6000
20
Q
Where was the ekklesia held?
A
The Pnyx Hill
21
Q
How many assemblies did each prytany hold?
A
4 Assemblies
1 of which was a ‘principal assembly’ in which a vote of confidence in the magistrates would be held.
22
Q
In what month would it be decided if an ostracism were to occur that year?
A
December
23
Q
How long was an ostracism to last?
A
10 years
24
Q
When was an ostracism held?
A
Feb or March
25
What was the voting process to confirm an ostracism?
6000 minimum votes, the man whose name was written on the majority of ostraka was to be exiled
26
Who was the first man to be ostracised?
Hipparchus in 487BC
27
2 types of lawuits?
Diké and Graphé
28
What type of lawsuit involved a citizen filing a case against another citizen claiming to be the victim of an offence?
Diké
29
What type of lawsuit involved a citizen filing against a citizen on the grounds that the defendant had committed an offense against a third party?
Graphé
30
What could graphé cases include?
Magistrates misusing funds
Generals instituting poor tactics
31
How was time measured in an Athenian law court?
Water-clock
32
How many dikasts were registered each civil year?
6000
33
How many jurors for each case?
minor case - 201
more serious - 401 or 501
extremely serious - 1501
34
What are 3 sources on the Athenian legal system?
The Old Oligarch, Wasps and the Apology by Plato
35
When was Wasps produced?
Who are the main characters?
What is the play parodying?
422BC (for the Lenaea)
Philocleon (father)and Bdelycleon (son)
The play parodies the elderly jurors who make cruel decisions and are addicted to the power of jury service
36
What speech praises Athenian democracy?
Pericles funeral oration - found in Thucydides 'History of the Peloponnesian War' book 2
(this speech was given in 431BC)
37
Is the Apology a reliable source on the Athenian court system?
yes, fairly - Plato wrote it only a few years after the events of Socrates' trial
38
How does the Old Oligarch claim the Athenians approach their empire?
In a self-interested way, they undermine oligarchic elites and promote democracies. They also hold trials in Athens making a profit off the rent and taxes of visiting members of subject states going to trial.
He also claims they take too much tribute
39
What section of Thucydides shows the relationship between Athens and her allies, and displays some of the issues within the Assembly?
The Mytilene Debate, which occurred in 428/7BC
40
Summary of Mytilene debate?
In 428BC the 4 oligarchic cities of Lesbos revolted, led by the city of Mytilene. They were besieged by the Athenians and forced to come to the Assembly for negotiations. The Athenians decided to kill every man and enslave every woman and child. The next day, the Athenians decided this decision was too cruel and instead to only punish those proven to be involved. Cleon supported a harsh punishment whilst Diodotus argued for leniancy.
41
What 3 sources all criticise Cleon?
Thucydides, Aristotle, Aristophanes
42
What play of Aristophanes' satirises Cleon?
What are the particular targets of Aristophanes?
Knights 424BC
This heavily parodies Cleon's background, accuses him of corruption, and of only telling the people what they want to hear.
43
What personal connection did Cleon and Aristophanes have?
Cleon had prosecuted Aristophanes for 'slandering the city' in 426BC, 2 years prior to the production of 'Knights'.
44
How does Thucydides criticise Cleon?
What are his criticisms of the changing nature of leadership in general?
He suggests that he is self-interested and a demagogue. Thucydides didn't fundamentally believe in democracy, but believed it could be successful with a strong enough leader - such as Pericles. He believed the quality of leadership had dropped after Pericles' death in 429BC. He was also an aristocrat, for whom Nicias was representative.
45
Who rose to prominence after Cleon's death in 422BC?
Alcibiades
46
Role of Metics summarised:
- 20,000 estimated in Attica
- no political rights
- must have an Athenian sponsor
- monthly tax - 1 drachma for a man, 1/2 for a woman
- could be successful in business/ society e.g. Cephalus (in Plato's Republic)
- expected to fight in war (either hoplites or in the fleet)
47
Role of slaves summarised:
(including the portrayal in Memorabilia and Hippolytus)
- no political rights
- only legal right was to seek refuge at a religious sanctuary against a heavily abusive master, for which a state official could force the master to sell the slave or swear an oath of better treatment
- In Memorabilia, Socrates is shown reflecting on the view that it was just to enslave one's enemies but unjust to enslave one's friends
- in Hippolytus, Phaedra confides in her nurse (shows trusting relationships could develop)
- Greeks preferred to enslave foreigners, but some evidence of them enslaving each other during the Peloponnesian War
48
Role of Women summarised:
- treated as minors in law, always in the control of a father, husband or occassionally brother
- Pericles suggests the greatest glory for a woman is to be least talked about (at the end of funeral speech)
- important to religious life due to importance of fertility
- allowed their own religious rituals eg. Thesmophoria in which they camped near the Pnyx for 3 days, honouring Demeter and Persephone for fertility reasons
49
Thesmophoriazusae and the role of women?
Produced in 411BC, this shows women at the Thesmophoria festival, complaining about how Euripides portrays them and how they are treated by society. This play was written by a man, performed by men, for an audience of (probably all) men.
50
Who was the first sophist in Athens?
Anaxagoras, in the 460sBC
51
How did sophists make money?
Private lessons or entrance fees for group lectures
52
2 Famous sophists?
Hippias of Elis - polymath, sciences
Protagoras of Abdera - law + government
53
When was Gorgias in Athens?
427BC on an embassy from Leontini
54
Information on Gorgias' Encomium of Helen?
- written 483-376BC
- display speech
- reflects on the power of persuasion + rhetoric
- says Helen may have had 4 reasons to elope - in each of which she was the weaker party, and was persuaded
- says the effect of speech on the mind is the same as drugs on the body
55
Plato, Xenophon and their attitude to the Sophists:
- both students of Socrates, they believed him to be more virtuous than the Sophists because he did not charge
- both wrote dialogues of Socrates after his execution in 399BC
- both aristocrats
- both teenagers when they knew Socrates
56
Sophists in Plato's Hippias Major?
Hippias is seen boasting of this riches to Socrates
57
Sophists in Xenophon's Memorabilia?
Socrates compares them to prostitutes, dismisses their practice of charging for wisdom
58
Sophists in Aristotle's Rhetoric?
Criticised for the deceptive nature of their teachings (he is just agreeing with earlier sources)
59
Sophists in Plato's Protagoras?
Protagoras defends his art as no different to a poet or music teacher.
60
Plato's issue with Sophists?
that although they make a case well, they have no care for if it is the 'right' case to make and thus lead people astray not teaching them to argue based on the truth
61
Sophists in Plato's Gorgias?
Gorgias says sophistry is the most powerful skill as with the right audience they can show up an expert in his own field
62
Outside of the sources since there are few direct sources from the Sophists what was their likely effect on society?
Improving education by expanding the subjects beyond music, sports and literature
63
Aristophanes Clouds summarised?
including date of performance and plot
- 423BC for the City Dionysia
- Socrates is presented as the leading Sophists, though he is more of an amalgam of all of them
- the plot is that of a man convinced to believe things of the sophists - eg. he denies the gods, etc. then the clouds reveal they are actually agents of the gods punishing those seduced into the ways of the sophists. Strepsiades burns down the thinkery at the end, after his son argues that children should be allowed to beat their parents. They do avoid 2 creditors through rhetoric though.
64
The effect of Clouds on Socrates?
- In Plato's Apology, Socrates is seen suggesting that this play helped generate some of the negative perceptions of him
- In Symposium Aristophanes and Socrates are seen at the same dinner party, so the play likely has no malicious intent
65
The characters of 'right' and 'wrong' in Clouds summarised?
'right' represents the old ways and ends up seduced by a male audience member and losing his argument with 'wrong' who represents the new ways of society including sophistry.
'wrong' argues that the power of speech allows you to get out of anything - e.g. being caught sleeping w a married woman just say Zeus does to and am I better than an immortal?
66
2 portrayals of sophists in tragedy?
Orestes - Orestes is condemned to death due to the intention of a speaker who will argue on behalf of whoever pays him
Hippolytus - in a trial scene, Hippolytus uses common rhetoric techniques such as 'argument from probability', appealing to sympathy and saying that he only swore an oath with his tongue, not his heart
67
What tragic playwright's talking points often align with sophists and is often said to have been influenced by contemporary philosophy?
Euripides
68
Socrates lifespan?
c. 470-399BC
69
Socrates background?
He served as a hoplite - including at Potidaea in 432BC. In his last 20 years he seems to have wandered the streets engaging others in debate, and to have lived off the charity of his friends in this period
70
Socrates philosophical method summarised:
- focus on 'elenchus' or 'cross-examining'
- known as the 'Socratic method' or 'dialectic'
- would generally question someone on an issue and be given a fixed answer - he would then cross-question this answer to prove it was based on a false premise
71
Socrates main beliefs and interests?
- believed that the learning process was as painful as birth and that he played the role of a midwife - helping others achieve their own wisdom
- often challenged important figures in Athens often publicly humiliating them
- most interested in human ethics
72
Summary of Socrates' critique of democracy?
- believed the system relied on people not skilled enough for their roles, and because of quick turn-over no one ever gained necessary skills
- believed the masses were not educated enough to know what was good for them and tended to focus on what felt good short-term not policies which would lead to long-term benefits
73
What was Socrates idea for a well-run state?
To have a few well-trained philosopher-Kings who would rule the people with wisdom and honesty
74
Plato's Republic - Socrates' analogy of the ship-owner as a critique of democracy?
- the ship-owner doesn't have the expertise to steer the ship himself. He is the democratic state
- the crew are badly behaved and focused on selfish desire. They are the demagogues
- the navigator is dismissed as worthless. He is a philosopher-King.
75
Plato's Republic - Socrates' analogy of the animal trainer as a critique of democracy?
- the animal trainer represents sophists and the beast the people
- the trainer learns to placate the beast and believes whatever the beast likes is
'good' whether or not it truly is.
- the trainer has no concern for what is truly good for the beast so the beast does not get what is good for it, only what it wants in the moment
76
What was a contributing historical factor to Socrates' trial?
In 404BC 30 oligarchs had taken over in a Spartan supported government. They were seen as tyrants and when democracy was restored the people resented Socrates as some of these 'tyrants' had been students of his. The oligarchs could not be prosecuted under general amnesty with Spart so Socrates was perhaps a scapegoat
77
What two charges for Socrates are given in Plato's Apology?
- corrupting the young
- atheism
78
Two purposes of Plato's Apology?
- defense speech
- explaining why Socrates was found guilty
79
What does Plato portray as a reason Socrates was found guilty?
He sent the jury to anger several times. He refused to comply with court conventions of speech and bringing in family members for sympathy, he insisted he was not an atheist just curious, and that he had only done the city good. He was found guilty by a majority of only 60/ 501 but on the second vote deciding his punishment he had been so obnoxious insisting he only ever benefitted the city that there was a much larger majority voting to put him to death.
80
Socrates' execution summary?
- He didn't try to defend himself well, didn't escape prison in the days he had the chance, and drank his poison hemlock calmly (all according to Plato)
81
5 main buildings on the Acropolis:
- The Propylaea
- The temple of Athena Niké
- The statue of Athena Promachos
- The Parthenon
- The Erechtheion
82
Summary of the Temple of Athena Niké? (time of construction, style, size, location)
- on an outcrop to the right of the Propylaea
- 'naiskos' or small temple
- built in the 420s
- dedicated to Athena, goddess of victory
- simple Ionic design
83
Depictions on the frieze of the temple of Athena niké? (4 sides, 3 depictions)
east - gods + goddesses
west - may be Corinthians against Megara
north and south - Greek vs. Persian combat
84
Images on the wall surrounding the temple of Athena niké
Shows Athena engaging in sacrifices
One image shows her fastening her sandal - this image doesn't have her usual wings, perhaps showing that victory would never leave Athens
85
What did the Propylaea represent?
- represents the transition from profane to sacred
86
Summary of the appearance of the Propylaea?
- gateway and building
- central hall with 4 wings
- ceiling painted dark blue with gold stars
- northwest wing was a picture gallery
87
Architect of the Propylaea and why it was challenging to build?
Mnesikles
- challenging to construct due to steep rock
88
When was the Propylaea built?
between 437-432BC
89
Summary of the statue of Athena Promachos:
- built 450s, not part of building programme
- Pheidias' work, made of bronze
- straight in front of the Propylaea
- Athena Promachos = 'Athena who fights in the front line'
- Pausanias says this was tall enough to be seen from Sounion, but this is false as there was a mountain in the way.
90
What style of temple is the Parthenon?
It is a peripteral temple (Doric style) with some Ionic features (the frieze). Columns surround an inner room or 'naos'
91
What was the Parthenon made of?
Solid Pentelic marble
92
Who was the Parthenon dedicated to?
Athena Parthenos - 'Athena the maiden'
93
When was the Parthenon built?
447-438BC
94
Sculpture of the Parthenon:
- the metopes
- the pediments
- the frieze
- the statue of Athena Parthenos
95
Parthenon: The 92 metopes (4 different depictions)
- square spaces between columns
- 4 sides:
- the sack of Troy
- the fight between centaurs and Lapiths
- the giants vs. Olympians
- the fight against the Amazons
- painted, with marble left raw as skin
- each myth has the theme of an uncivilised force trying to take over/ interrupt the civilised world - can be compared to Persian invasion and the Athenians perspective of themselves as saviours.
96
The Parthenon: pediments (2 depictions_
- triangle between roof ends
- east (front) end shows the birth of Athena
- west (back) end faces Propylaea, and displays the quarrel of Poseidon and Athena over the country
- not survived well, but described by Pausanias
97
The Parthenon: frieze
- Ionic feature
- depicts Panathenaic procession
- on the external wall of the inner building, this would be high up and not well lit so hard to see
- west side - horsemen preparing for procession
- north and south sides - the procession (horsemen, chariots, old men, pitcher bearers, musicians and animal sacrifices)
- east side - the end of the procession (maidens, citizens, deities)
- it has been claimed that the 192 horsemen represent those lost at Marathon 490BC
- presents the procession as a living event and the heart of Athenian culture
98
The Parthenon: statue of Athena Parthenos
- located in the naos
- 12m tall
- wood frame with gold clothes and ivory skin
99
Summary of the Erechtheion:
- north side of Acropolis
- begun in 420s, inscription shows it was not finished yet in 409BC
- named after legendary King Erechtheus
- Dedicated to Athena Polias 'Athena the defender of the city'
- had spaces for the worship of other deities - including Poseidon
- sacred olive-wood statue of Athena inside, which Pausanias says was the most revered statue of Athena in Attica
- sacred olive tree outside
100
What is on the southern porch of the Erechtheion?
The Caryatids - 6 statues of young women who are in place of columns, it is unknown what they represent
101
Why was the Erechtheion challenging to build?
- many cults had sacred spots in this area which had to be avoided
- the ground was uneven
- the Peloponnesian War was going on
102
The Odeon of Pericles summary:
- roofed square concert hall, Plutarch says Pericles commissioned it
- supposedly inspired by the tent of the Persian King
- located next to the theatre of Dionysus, south of the Acropolis
- only partially excavated
103
The Agora summary:
- marketplace
- mostly empty square surrounded by boundary stones, through which the Panathenaic Way runs
- key buildings sit around the square
- e.g the mint, the stoa of Zeus Eleutherios and the Hephaesteon temple (temple of Hephaestus and Athena) as well as a large law court
104
Sounion:
| location, dedication, built because, frieze depictions,
- 40 miles south of Athens, at the tip of Attica
- temple dedicated to Poseidon, visible to passing ships
- rebuilt after the Persians had destroyed an incomplete temple previously on the site
- the frieze depicts scenes similar to the other new temples
eg. the battle of Centaurs and Lapiths, Giants and gods and the labours of Theseus
- another temple dedicated to Athena lies downhill, which was also rebuilt
105
Brauron:
- sanctuary to Artemis
- eastern Attica, near Athens
- dates to 6th century, with further developments after the Persians attacked it in 480BC - with a stoa being begun (not completed) in the 420sBC
- the temple is Doric order, the columns are further apart than normal to allow easy entry, and the display of offerings
- dining rooms at the back
- the cult of Artemis at Brauron was clearly important because they had another sanctuary on the Acropolis
106
Thorikos developments:
- a marble stoa set up, Ionic order
107
Rhamnous developments:
- new temple dedicated to Nemesis, Doric order
- north-east Attica
- Pheidias (according to Pausanias) used marble the Persians had brought with them to build a victory monument with to create a statue of Nemesis
- c. 460-450 --> 430-420
108
Eleusis developments:
- key religious centre west of Athens
- mystery cult of Demeter celebrated here
- Plutarch mentions the development of the sanctuary here - and how it needed to be big enough to hold thousands of initiates to witness sacrifices as it had to be indoors for privacy
109
When and where was the City Dionysia held?
In late March
In Athens
110
When and where was the Lenaea held?
Late January
Athens
111
When and where was the Rural Dionysia held?
Mid-winter
In the rural demes
112
How long did the City Dionysia last?
5 days
113
When did the eponymous archon choose the playwrights for the City Dionysia?
The previous summer
114
How many tragic and comic playwrights performed at the City Dionysia?
3 tragedians
5 comic playwrights
115
Who selected a choregos for each playwright?
the eponymous archon
116
What service was a choregos performing?
A liturgy
117
Where did the proagon or 'pre-contest' take place?
In the Odeon of Pericles
118
When was the proagon? What happened during it?
A day or two before the festival each playwright gave a short synopsis of their play and could introduce the actors, choregos or musicians too
119
What took place the evening before the festival
A torchlit procession led a statue of Dionysus to the theatre of Dionysus
120
What occurred on day 1 of the City Dionysia festival?
A grand procession in the morning culminating at the Temple of Dionysus
Dithyrambic contests between tribes in the afternoon
Komos in the evening
121
When were the comic plays performed at the City Dionysia?
day 2
122
What happened before the comic plays were performed on City Dionysia day 2?
An opening ceremony consisting of 3 presentations:
- parade of tribute
- proclamation of honours
- parade of orphans
There was also the sacrifice of a piglet on the acting area, and the 10 generals poured libations to the olympian gods
123
How much did entry to the City Dionysia cost per day?
2 obols
124
When was the Theoric fund introduced? What was it's purpose?
The late half of the 5th century, it's purpose was to allow poorer citizens to witness the plays by paying for their entry
125
Who were front row seats at the theatre Dionysus reserved for?
council members, dignitaries, generals, magistrates and the priest of Dionysus
126
How many judges were chosen by lot for the city Dionysia festival?
10
127
How many judging tablets did the eponymous archon select to be used for the final decision at the City Dionysia?
5/10
128
What could be decided at the review held in the theatre of Dionysus a few days after the City Dionysia?
To either fine or award the eponymous archon, based on the Assembly's view of how successful the festival was
129
Which 3 5th century Athenian tragedians were marked out as classics, so their works were preserved?
Aeschylus, Euripides and Sophocles
130
How many tragedians do we know the names of?
at least 50
131
How many chorus members in a tragedy?
12 or 15
132
How many main actors in a tragedy? How many in a comedy?
3 for tragedy
4 allowed in comedy
133
Tragedy often asked deep questions about the nature of what?
suffering
134
Why is it thought that tragedies were set in the world of myth not reality?
(Herodotus said) In 493BC Phrynicus presented a play called 'the Fall of Miletus' which greatly upset the audience. It is thought that playwrights avoided showing Greek suffering as the only surviving play set in real life is Aeschylus' Persians from 472BC which depicted Persian rather than Greek suffering
135
Common themes of tragedy which related to contemporary Athenian life? (4)
- man vs. woman
- individual vs. polis
- mortal vs. immortal
- conduct of the polis (at home and in foreign affairs)
136
What was a satyr-play?
This used the same costumes as tragedy but was a parody of the genre. Only 1 satyr play survives but it seems they were used as comic relief after the audience had watched 3 heavy tragedies
137
When was Euripides' Hippolytus first performed and what prize did it win?
428BC
Won first prize at the City Dionysia, one of Euripides' only winning plays
138
What was the previous version of Euripides' Hippolytus known as? Why was it not well received?
'Hippolytus veiled' was not received well by the audience since it featured a scene of Phaedra attempting to seduce Hippolytus live on stage - this brazenness of the character was likely too shocking for the audience, so Euripides reworked it for a later competition
139
What is Euripides' re-worked version of Hippolytus evidence of?
It is evidence of how seriously the competitive element of tragedy was taken - he went back to change an old myth in order to get a better audience response
140
How does the portrayal of Phaedra in Euripides' Hippolytus allow the question of how far humans are in control of their destinies to be explored?
She knows her thoughts are wrong and tries to supress them, the morally ambiguous portrayal of her manipulation by Aphrodite and attempt to control herself allows for questions on the nature of free will/ destiny etc.
141
Connection between comedy and the komos?
komoidia - 'song of the komos'
leather phallus symbol
142
Aristophanes lifespan?
c. 450-386BC
143
Other comic playwrights at the time of Aristophanes? (2)
Cratinus - 24 named plays
Eupolis - 15 named plays
144
Number of chorus members in comedy?
24 (sometimes split into two groups supporting each side of an argument on stage)
145
Key costume elements of comedy?
- short tunic
- cloak
- tights
- padding
- large leather phallus (attached w string to tunic)
- exaggerated mask
146
Key difference between comedy and tragedy?
parabasis and audience reference in comedy
147
Examples of comedies interacting with contemporary events?
- Acharnians 425 - Birds 414BC all on Spartan war
- Euripides targeted in 5 plays
- Cleon parodied in Knights
148
Key points of Greek religion? (5)
- polytheistic
- 12 Olympians, Chthonic gods and hundreds of minor deities
- anthropomorphic gods
- gods with flaws
- sacrifice and worship more important than mental belief
149
What portrayal of the gods did Plato criticise?
Their portrayal as having human flaws
150
What did Isocrates say about the difference of worship between Olympian and Chthonic gods?
Olympians "those who bring us good"
Chthonic "have less pleasant names", "are not honoured by prayer or sacrifice"
151
What did Isocrates say about Chthonic gods which is not true - what is the truth?
He said they were not sacrificed to but they were - just differently. Due to the earth (chthon) connection of Chthonic gods they wouldn't receive worship in temples and sacrifices would be over an open pit - with the animal fully burnt instead of eaten like in an Olympian sacrifice
152
What was done before every Assembly meeting?
An animal sacrifice
153
What religious landmark was located in the centre of the Agora
The altar of the Twelve gods
154
What did Anaxagoras say about religion?
- said the sun was a hot rock not a god
- Plutarch says he influenced Pericles, who doesn't mention religion in his funeral speech
155
What source from 5th century Athens doesn't mention religion?
Pericles' funeral speech
156
What did Protagoras say about religion?
He said he didn't know "whether they exist or not", due to lack of knowledge and the shortness of human life he expressed agnostic beliefs
157
Herodotus vs. Thucydides religious influence?
Herodotus makes a point to mention the divine, Thucydides doesn't mention religion at all and gives a scientific explanation for the plague at Athens. His recollection of the funeral speech doesn't mention religion
158
What archaeological evidence shows that Athenians took religion seriously?
The building programme on the Acropolis - expensive, high quality marble and the sheer size of religious buildings prove that sophist view/ influence was not the majority and religion was extremely important
159
What is an example of how common superstitious thinking was amongst 5th century Athenians?
Thucydides criticised Nicias for not taking action in Sicily as there was a lunar eclipse
160
What events show that Athenians took religious matters seriously?
The attacks on Anaxagoras (Plutarch) and charges against Socrates of atheism
161
Religion in Hippolytus?
Hippolytus worships Artemis but ignores Aphrodite. Aphrodite wants revenge but Artemis who loves Hippolytus can't intervene as it's not her domain
162
What characterised religious thinking in 5th century Athens?
On one hand there were those who were committed to the traditional religion, whilst on the other was a new questioning of the meaning of religion
163
What does Pericles say religious festivals provide?
A respite from daily life
164
What did the Old Oligarch say about religious festivals? (2)
- that there were so many that business couldn't get done (obvs an exaggeration)
- that they allowed those too poor to afford sacrifices to fully worship the gods
165
How many religious festivals took place in every month of the Athenian 12-month Lunar calendar??
at least 2
166
What did the Panathenaea celebrate?
Athena's birthday
167
When was the Panathenaea held?
Late July or August
168
How often was the Great Panathenaea held?
Every 4 years
169
How many days did the Great Panathenaea last?
8 days
170
Who does Plutarch say introduced musical competitions to the Panathenaea? Truth?
- Pericles
- although he may have re-introduced them after they had ceased at some point after 480BC rhapsodic competitions existed long before
171
What 4 categories of music competitions were held at the Panathenaea?
- singer w lyre
- lyre
- singer w aulos
- aulos
172
What sporting events were held at the Great Panathenaea?
running - eg. Stadion 200m
combat - wrestling, boxing, pankration
pentathlon
equestrian events - eg. apobates
173
How many classes participated in sporting events at the great Panathenaea? What?
3 - boys, beardless youths, men
174
What did victors of sporting events at the Great Panathenaea receive?
Amphorae filled with olive oil , inscribed with Athena and one side and the picture of the event they won on the other
175
What sporting event received the greatest prize at the Panathenaea, according to a 4th century inscription?
The chariot race - 140 amphorae prize
176
What 4 tribal contests took place at the Great Panathenaea?
- Euandria
- boat race
-Pyrrhic dance
- torch race
177
Where did the Panathenaic procession begin?
The Dipylon gate
178
Who were the Arrephoroi and what was their job?
Girls aged 7-11 tasked with weaving the new peplos and delivering it to Athena Polias.
179
Order of the Panathenaic procession?
- priestesses, arrepheroi, other women, sacrificial animals (each subject gave a bull), wealthy metics, musicians, old men w olive branches, charioteers + chariots, soldiers + cavalrymen, victors of the games, ordinary citizens.
180
What scene was shown on the peplos? How long did it take to weave?
Athena defeating the giant Enkelados
9 months to make
181
Why were Athena and Poseidon particularly significant to Athenian religion?
- 2 core Athenian values were intelligence, and their navy.
Athena represented both intellectual and military intelligence whilst Poseidon represented their hegemony and power at sea (temple at Sounion)
