The Crusades Points Test 6 - The Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

Question 1

What was the problem with Amalric’s succession, despite having a male heir?

Answer 1

Baldwin IV had leprosy.

Question 2

Which of the 3 other crusader states had trouble with succession?

Answer 2

Antioch.

Question 3

Which 3 of Antioch’s leaders died in battle?

Answer 3

Roger of Antioch 1119, Bohemond II in 1130, Raymond in 1149.

Question 4

Which of 2 of Antioch’s leaders were held captive by the enemy?

Answer 4

Bohemond I, 1100-1103, Reynauld 1161-1176.

Question 5

Why did the amount of Antioch’s leaders being imprisoned cause problem in terms of securing the line of succession?

Answer 5

Little time for making heirs!

Question 6

When was Baldwin IV crowned?

Answer 6

15th July 1174, 75th anniversary of capture of Jerusalem, aged 13 (a minor).

Question 7

Who was chosen as Baldwin IV’s 1st regent?

Answer 7

His father’s seneschal Miles of Plancy, murdered quickly after.

Question 8

Who quickly became Baldwin IV’s second regent?

Answer 8

Raymond III of Tripoli, Baldwin’s closest male relative in east.

Question 9

Why, despite being a local noble, was Raymond III of Tripoli a relative newcomer to Outremer politics?

Answer 9

Had spent 10 years in captivity.

Question 10

Who was an ardent admirer of Raymond of Tripoli, often colouring his works and perceptions of Guy de Luisignan?

Answer 10

William of Tyre.

Question 11

Which lordship in KOJ did Raymond III of Tripoli also control, making himself powerful in the kingdom, as well as the head of a crusader state in his own right?

Answer 11

Galilee.

Question 12

Which Muslim source in 1184 confirmed the view that Raymond of Tripoli would make a strong king?

Answer 12

Ibn Jubyar.

Question 13

Who did Raymond and leading men of Jerusalem initially choose as candidate to marry Sibylla, to secure line given Baldwin IV’s disintegration from disease?

Answer 13

William Longsword, son of Count of Montferrat.

Question 14

When did Raymond’s 1st regency end?

Answer 14

When Baldwin IV came of age, July 1176.

Question 15

Who was Baldwin IV attempting to attack Egypt with, despite Myriocephalum, and how would this have been possible?

Answer 15

Byzantines/still had strong navy and wanted to help secure control of eastern Mediterranean (precedent of campaigns with Amalric).

Question 16

When Nur al-Din died in 1174, Saladin held Egypt, but who held…
Damascus?
Aleppo?
Mosul? (1 mark for each).

Answer 16

Damascus? Tried to be independent
Aleppo? Nur al-Din’s son as-Salih
Mosul? Nur al-Din’s nephew saif ad-Din.

Question 17

When did Saladin take control of Damascus?

Answer 17

October 1174.

Question 18

When Saladin was proclaiming himself the champion of Sunni Orthodoxy, what had he done in Egypt in 1171 to affirm this claim?

Answer 18

Removed Shiite caliphate.

Question 19

After defeating Aleppan forces at Hama in spring of 1175, who invested him with government of Egypt, Syria and Yemen (but not, to Saladin’s fury, Aleppo?).

Answer 19

The Abbasid Sunni Caliph of Baghdad.

Question 20

Who nearly assassinated Saladin twice at this time, and why?

Answer 20

Assassins, he was trying to take their castles, e.g. Masyaf.

Question 21

How, martially, did Saladin secure his position of dominance in the Muslim Near East even further?

Answer 21

Late 1176, married Nur al-Din’s widow.

Question 22

Which two writers were contemporary biographers of Saladin, who did much to enhance his reputation?

Answer 22

Beda ad-Din, Qadi/Judge of the army 1181-11193, and Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani .

Question 23

What did Saladin never do, that Nur al-Din did, that would be surprising given his claims to/genuine commitment to Islam?

Answer 23

Never went on Haj.

Question 24

What did Saladin do in religious terms to prove his Islamic credentials?

Answer 24

Supporters Madrasas (teaching schools) and charitable foundations/set up theology schools of his own sect of Sunni Islam in Egypt.

Question 25

What positions did Saladin give his father Ayyub?

Answer 25

Treasurer of Cairo.

Question 26

What blow did KOJ suffer dynastically in 1177, while preparing for joint invasion of Egypt with Byzantines?

Answer 26

Death of William Longsword.

Question 27

Who became the new regent?

Answer 27

Reynauld de Chatillion.

Question 28

Which famous crusader came to join the 1177 attack on Egypt, from Northern Europe?

Answer 28

Count Philip of Flanders.

Question 29

Why did 1177 attack not occur?

Answer 29

Fallout between Byzantines, Philip of Flanders and Byzantines over who would control it in aftermath of conquest (earlier agreements in 1168 under Amalric stipulated Byzantines would get land). Greeks left furious, and Philip fought largely futile campaign in northern Syria-nothing achieved to dent Saladin’s power.

Question 30

At what battle was Saladin comprehensively defeated by smaller Frankish army, led by RdC and Baldwin IV?

Answer 30

Montgiscard.

Question 31

What was the ironic downside of Montgiscard, in terms of receiving help from the west?

Answer 31

Latin West thought KOJ was secure!

Question 32

What was Saladin’s reaction to this defeat in Egypt, which reveals how serious a blow this was?

Answer 32

Kept news of defeat a secret from Egyptian population.

Question 33

In autumn of 1178, what did the Crusaders build, to threaten Damascus 550km away?

Answer 33

Fort at Jacob’s ford, on river Jordan.

Question 34

How much did Saladin offer to prevent the fort at Jacob’s ford from being built?

Answer 34

100,000 dinars.

Question 35

In spring of 1180, who was proposed as a prospective match to Sybilla, after birth of William of Longsword’s son Baldwin V?

Answer 35

Duke Hugh III of Burgundy.

Question 36

As Hugh of Burgundy was in Europe, and Raymond III of Tripoli/Bohemond III of Antioch appeared to want an Ibelin to marry Sybilla and depose Baldwin, who did Baldwin marry her to prevent this?

Answer 36

Guy de Lusignan?

Question 37

What position did Guy’s brother Aimery hold prior to Guy’s marriage to Sybilla?

Answer 37

Constable of Jerusalem.

Question 38

Who was Guy de Lusignan a vassal of?

Answer 38

Henry II (a Poitevin).

Question 39

How have earlier historians defined the courtly division of supporters of Raymond III of Tripoli and Guy/Sybilla?

Answer 39

Doves and Hawks.

Question 40

How did Edbury (1993) and Philips more accurately define the division?

Answer 40

Supporters of either maternal or paternal line of Baldwin (either Agnes of Courtenay or Raymond/Bohemond of the Paternal line).

Question 41

When Isabella married Humphrey IV of Toron, why did this weaken the KOJ diplomatically?

Answer 41

No marital alliances with foreign powers possible.

Question 42

Whose death in 1180 deprived Crusader states of one of their most important supporters?

Answer 42

Emperor Manuel Comnenus.

Question 43

Which Pope issued an 1181 bull supporting another crusade, but also criticising Baldwin IV as having leprosy due to his sins?

Answer 43

Alexander III.

Question 44

In July 1182, where did Franks again defeat Saladin in battle?

Answer 44

La Forbelet.

Question 45

Which campaign by Reynauld de Chatillion caught Saladin completely by surprise, and undermined his reputation as defender of Islam?

Answer 45

Attack on Red Sea/Arabian peninsula, using 5 kit-packed vessels.

Question 46

How did Saladin punish the captured franks in Arabia?

Answer 46

Ritually slaughtered 2 at Mecca, and others elsewhere throughout his lands.

Question 47

In May 1183, which vital northern Syrian city did Saladin finally win?

Answer 47

Aleppo.

Question 48

What tax issued by the general council of the KOJ, the Curia Generalis, in February 1183 illustrated the precarious financial and defensive situation of the kingdom?

Answer 48

General levy of 1 on all property of value of 100 bezants, 2% on all income of over 200 Bezants. Those with lower income to pay 1 bezant, regardless of tongue, race or creed.

Question 49

Who did Baldwin chose as regent in autumn 1183 due to his failing health?

Answer 49

Guy de Luisignan.

Question 50

At what place did Guy’s army manage to force Saladin to withdraw, due to lack of provisions?

Answer 50

Al-Fule/The Pools of Goliath.

Question 51

Why did Baldwin IV nonetheless dismiss Guy in disgrace due to Al-Fule?

Answer 51

Felt Guy should have destroyed Saladin/damage to crops/raid on Mount Tabor, Orthodox monastery-Guy accused of incompetence by political enemies.

Question 52

Who was crowned co-king with Baldwin IV before his death?

Answer 52

Baldwin V, Baldwin IV’s nephew.

Question 53

Who led the high-level diplomatic mission to the west in 1184, accompanied by the heads of the Templar and Hospitaller orders?

Answer 53

Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem.

Question 54

Which 2 monarchs refused the keys of Jerusalem from Heraclius?

Answer 54

Henry II and Philip II.

Question 55

What financial aid did both offer the KOJ, though no troops?

Answer 55

30,000 marks.

Question 56

Due to the ongoing tensions/risk of civil war between Baldwin IV and Guy/Sybilla, who did Baldwin IV reluctantly make regent in 1185?

Answer 56

Raymond of Tripoli.

Question 57

To restrict Raymond’s power as regent in 1185, who would chose next heir of Jerusalem if Baldwin IV died?

Answer 57

Pope, Rulers of England, France and Germany.

Question 58

When did Baldwin IV die, and at what age?

Answer 58

May 1185, aged 23.

Question 59

Despite 5 Egypt campaigns when does Nur-al-Din finally gain control of Egypt

Answer 59

He finally takes Egypt in 1169