The Crucible Flashcards

1
Q

Characters

John Proctor

About

A

● A local farmer who lives just outside town Elizabeth Proctor’s husband.
● A stern, harsh-tongued man, John hates hypocrisy.
● Nevertheless, he has a hidden sin in his affair with Abigail Williams that proves his downfall.
● When the hysteria begins, he hesitates to expose Abigail as a fraud because he worries that his secret will be revealed and his good name ruined.

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2
Q

Characters

John Proctor

End of Play

A

● Hung on August 19, 1692 in Salem Village
● After being falsely accused and convicted of witchcraft.

● John Proctor declares that he cannot throw away his good name in a lie, even though doing so would save his life. He chooses to die.

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3
Q

Characters

Abigail Williams

About

A

● Reverend Parris’s niece.
● Abigail was once the servant for the Proctor household, but Elizabeth Proctor fired her after she discovered that Abigail was having an affair with her husband, John Proctor.

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4
Q

Characters

Abigail Williams

End of play

A

● She ran away from home
● Made her way to the region of Lake Ontario
● Sneaked on board a cargo ship
● where she ended up working in the fur trading industry on Mackinac Island.
● She eventually died there and is buried in the protestant cemetery.

● Rumours have it that Abigail became a prostitute in Boston.

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5
Q

Characters

Reverend John Hale

About

A

● A young minister reputed to be an expert on witchcraft.
● Reverend Hale is called in to Salem to examine Parriss daughter Betty.
● Hale is a committed Christian and hater of witchcraft.
● His critical mind and intelligence save him from falling into blind fervour.
● His arrival sets the hysteria in motion, although he later regrets his actions and attempts to save the lives of those accused.

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6
Q

Characters

Reverend John Hale

End of play

A

● Reverend Hale is fed up with the lack of evidence being used against the accused, and the blind faith the court has put into the girls.
● As a result, he condemns the court proceedings and quits the court.

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7
Q

Characters

Elizabeth Proctor

About

A

● John Proctor’s wife.
● Elizabeth fired Abigail when she discovered that her husband was having an affair with Abigail.
● Elizabeth is supremely virtuous, but often cold.

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8
Q

Characters

Elizabeth Proctor

End of play

A

● Elizabeth Proctor is framed by Abigail Williams and wrongly accused of witchcraft
● She is put into prison, but not executed yet because she reveals herself to be pregnant.
● She eventually gives birth to the baby boy and is released from prison.

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9
Q

Characters

Reverend Parris

About

A

● The minister of Salem’s church.
● Reverend Parris is a paranoid, power-hungry, yet oddly self-pitying figure.
● Many of the townsfolk, especially John Proctor, dislike him, and Parris is very concerned with building his position in the community.

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10
Q

Characters

Reverend Parris

End of PLay

A

● Parris is voted out of office. He leaves Salem, never to be heard from again.

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11
Q

Characters

Rebecca Nurse

About

A

● Francis Nurse’s wife.
● Rebecca is a wise, sensible, and upright woman, held in tremendous regard by most of the Salem community.
● However, she falls victim to hysteria when the Putnams accuse her of witchcraft and she refuses to confess.

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12
Q

Characters

Rebecca Nurse

End of Play

A

● She was hanged on July 19, 1692, for witchcraft.

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13
Q

Characters

Francis Nurse

About

A

● A wealthy, influential man in Salem.
● Nurse is well respected by most people in Salem, but he is an enemy of Thomas Putnam and his wife.

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14
Q

Characters

Francis Nurse

end of play

A

● Francis Nurse dies a widow just a few years later.

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15
Q

Characters

Judge Danforth

About

A

● The deputy governor of Massachusetts and the presiding judge at the witch trials.
● Honest and scrupulous, at least in his own mind, Danforth is convinced that he is doing right in rooting out witchcraft.

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16
Q

Characters

Giles Corey

About

A

● An elderly but feisty farmer in Salem, famous for his tendency to file lawsuits.
● Giles’s wife, Martha, is accused of witchcraft, and he himself is eventually held in contempt of court and pressed to death with large stones.

17
Q

Characters

Giles Corey

end of play

A

● tortured to death.
● Heavy stones were placed on him until he was crushed.
● He refused to confess to witchcraft or deny the charge because if he did, his sons wouldn’t be able to inherit his farmland.

18
Q

Characters

Thomas Putnam

About

A

● A wealthy, influential citizen of Salem, Putnam holds a grudge against Francis Nurse for preventing Putnam’s brother-in-law from being elected to the office of minister.
● He uses the witch trials to increase his own wealth by accusing people of witchcraft and then buying up their land.

19
Q

Characters

Thomas Putnam

end of play

A

● Thomas Putnam died of an illness in 1699 at the age of 46.

20
Q

Characters

Ann Putnam

About

A

● Thomas Putnam’s wife.
● Ann Putnam has given birth to eight children, but only Ruth Putnam survived.
● The other seven died before they were a day old, and Ann is convinced that they were murdered by supernatural means.

21
Q

Characters

Ann Putnam

end of play

A

● Annie was chronically ill in the years after the trials, and that led to her death at a young age.

22
Q

Characters

Ruth Putnam

About

A

● The Putnams’ lone surviving child out of eight.
● Like Betty Parris, Ruth falls into a strange stupor after Reverend Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the woods at night.

23
Q

Character

Tituba

About

A

● Reverend Parris’s black slave from Barbados.
● Tituba agrees to perform voodoo at Abigail’s request.

24
Q

Characters

Tituba

end of play

A

● In April 1693, Tituba was sold to an unknown person for the price of her gaol fees.

25
Q

Characters

Mary Warren

About

A

● The servant in the Proctor household and a member of Abigail’s group of girls.
● She is a timid girl, easily influenced by those around her, who tried unsuccessfully to expose the hoax and ultimately recanted her confession.

26
Q

Characters

Mary Warren

End of PLay

A

● Having confessed to witchcraft herself, she was eventually released from prison in June 1692.

27
Q

Characters

Betty Parris

About

A

● Reverend Parris’s ten-year-old daughter.
● Betty falls into a strange stupor after Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the forest with Tituba.
● Her illness and that of Ruth Putnam fuel the first rumours of witchcraft.

28
Q

Characters

Martha Corey

About

A

● Reverend Parris’s ten-year-old daughter.
● Betty falls into a strange stupor after Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the forest with Tituba.
● Her illness and that of Ruth Putnam fuel the first rumours of witchcraft.

29
Q

Characters

Cheever

About

A

● A man from Salem who acts as clerk of the court during the witch trials.
● He is upright and determined to do his duty for justice.

30
Q

Key Themes

Intolerence

Explain

A

● The Crucible is set in a theocratic society, in which the church and the state are one, and the religion is a strict, austere form of Protestantism known as Puritanism.
● Because of the theocratic nature of the society, moral laws and state laws are one and the same sin and the status of an individual’s soul are matters of public concern.
● There is no room for deviation from social norms, since any individual whose private life does not conform to the established moral laws represents a threat not only to the public good but also to the rule of God and true religion.
● In Salem, everything and everyone belongs to either God or the devil dissent is not merely unlawful, it is associated with satanic activity.
● This dichotomy functions as the underlying logic behind the witch trials.
● As Danforth says in Act III, a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it.

31
Q

Key Themes

Hysteria

Explain

A

● Hysteria supplants logic and enables people to believe that their neighbours, whom they have always considered upstanding people, are committing absurd and unbelievable crimes communing with the devil, killing babies, and so on.
● In The Crucible, the townsfolk accept and become active in the hysterical climate not only out of genuine religious piety but also because it gives them a chance to express repressed sentiments and to act on long-held grudges.
● The most obvious case is Abigail, who uses the situation to accuse Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft and have her sent to jail.

32
Q

Key Themes

Reputation

Explain

A

● Reputation is tremendously important in theocratic Salem, where public and private moralities are one and the same.
● In an environment where reputation plays such an important role, the fear of guilt by association becomes particularly pernicious.
● Focused on maintaining public reputation, the townsfolk of Salem must fear that the sins of their friends and associates will taint their names.
● Various characters base their actions on the desire to protect their respective reputations.
● As the play begins, Parris fears that Abigail’s increasingly questionable actions, and the hints of witchcraft surrounding his daughter’s coma, will threaten his reputation and force him from the pulpit.

33
Q

Key Themes

Goodness

Explain

A

● Almost every character is concerned with the concept of goodness because their religion teaches them that the most important thing in life is how they will be judged by God after they die.
● They want to be found good, because being good will make them right with God.
● Their neighbours’ opinions guide them, too.
● The characters want to be seen as good by the whole village.
● From the opening of the play, when the Rev. Parris is far more concerned with what his parishioners will think of him than his daughter’s illness, this theme is clear.
● Parris bullies his niece and slave to get them to reveal what they’ve done to tarnish his reputation.
● When Abigail follows Tituba’s example by falsely confessing to witchcraft, she does so because she sees an opportunity to convince the residents of Salem that she is a good person.
● Other characters, such as Mary Warren, confess because being seen as good is more important to them than telling the truth.

34
Q

Key Themes

Judgement

Explain

A

● In the third act of the play, Deputy Governor Danforth sits in judgement over the accused and imprisoned residents of Salem.
● Danforth’s judgments, which he is always firm and resolute about, are clearly wrong Elizabeth, Martha Corey, Rebecca Nurse, and many others are not witches at all.
● Danforth is unable to change his mind, even when all evidence and logic points him towards concluding he is incorrect.
● Danforth mistakenly believes that a reliable judge never reconsiders his stance.
● Hale, on the other hand, Hale learns the foolishness of sitting in judgement over his fellow humans.

35
Q

Key Themes

Social Status

Explain

A

● The world of Salem in the 1600s contained many class divisions.
● Men were considered much more important than women.
● White people were considered more valuable than people of colour.
● And wealthy people had more status than the poor.
● The Crucible reflects these divisions, and the way they privilege certain characters over others.
● The first character to confess to witchcraft is Tituba, the only person of colour in the play.
● She knows that her status is too low to withstand the accusations of being a witch and the only way she’ll survive is to confess.
● The girls are quick to accuse the poorest and weakest members of their society like Goody Good and Goody Osburn, correctly sensing that no one will bother to protect those women.
● When Elizabeth learns that Abigail has accused her, she immediately tells John that Abigail is taking a big risk in accusing her, since Elizabeth is a farmer’s wife and has some status in the town.

36
Q

Key Themes

Ownership and Property

Explain

A

● John Proctor reveals to Reverend Hale that he doesn’t go to church because he doesn’t like Reverend Parris’ obsession with money.
● Tituba falsely confesses to witchcraft because she knows, as a slave, she is the legal property of Parris, who can beat her if she doesn’t confess.
● Mr. Putnam, who has a long history of false accusations, encourages his daughter to falsely accuse their neighbours of witchcraft so he can claim their property after the neighbours are jailed or executed.
● Giles Corey dies rather than falsely confessing so that his children can inherit his land.
● In the new world of America, owning property was one of the few ways people could feel secure.

37
Q

Key Themes

Justice

Explain

A

● Many characters struggle with choices they made before and during the events of the play, trying to understand if the results of their actions are just or not.
● Elizabeth Proctor has a difficult time forgiving John for his affair with Abby, but by the end of the play, Elizabeth has come to feel that she is at least partly to blame for her husband’s adultery.
● Elizabeth accepts her imprisonment and John’s decision to die as justice is being served.
● Reverend Hale also changes his understanding of justice at the beginning of the play, he believes himself adept at finding and combating witchcraft.
● By the end, he is encouraging residents of Salem to falsely confess to save themselves.
● While he would have once found false confessions a perversion of justice, he now sees false confession as a necessary act of self-preservation.

38
Q

Key Themes

Consequences

Explain

A

● John’s affair with Abby has ended by the time the events of the play begin, but the consequences of that affair have just begun.
● Because Abby doesn’t believe that John no longer is interested in her, she seizes upon accusations of witchcraft to get rid of Elizabeth.
● Because John allowed Abby to believe that he loved her, she thinks she can take Elizabeths place as his wife.
● She’s wrong, but she doesn’t realise her error until both John and Elizabeth have been accused of witchcraft.
● Another example of the unexpected consequences of one’s actions can be seen in Tituba’s false confession.