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Henry VII > The Crown and Nobility > Flashcards

The Crown and Nobility Flashcards

1
Q

What were Henry’s methods of rewards?

A

Patronage, Order of the Garter, King’s Council and the Great Council.

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2
Q

What was Patronage?

A

The giving of power, titles and land in return for good and loyal service.

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3
Q

What are examples of Patronage?

A
  • The Earl of Oxford became a major landowner in East Anglia for being loyal at the Battle of Bosworth.
  • Jasper Tudor was made the Duke of Bedford and restored to his Welsh estates and rewarded with extra land after being loyal before Bosworth.
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4
Q

What were the successes of patronage?

A
  • Created a group of people who were genuinely loyal to Henry.
    -Henry gave titles but didn’t award land - meant that nobles were happy but couldn’t become too powerful.
    -Smaller number of noblemen = higher honour.
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5
Q

What was the failure of patronage?

A

Any land Henry awarded came out of his own - loss of revenue/power for the crown.

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6
Q

What is the Order of the Garter?

A

A significant honour reserved for the king’s closest servants. An honour bestowed on the most important knights, who then retained the senior rank of knighthood.

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7
Q

What was the success of the Order of the Garter?

A

Efficient for Henry as it gave the recipient prestige, but no power or land.

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8
Q

What is a failure of the Order of the Garter?

A

William Stanley was made a member of the Order of the Garter, but later betrayed Henry.

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9
Q

What was the King’s Council?

A

A position as King’s Councillor was a sign of the king’s confidence. The emphasis was on loyalty to trusted servants

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10
Q

What are examples of the Order of the Garter?

A

Henry created 37 knights = Earl of Oxford, Rhys ap Thomas and Robert Willoughby.

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11
Q

What are examples of the King’s Council?

A
  • 2 Chancellors retained their positions for a long period = John Morton and William Warham.
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12
Q

What were the successes of being on the King’s Council?

A
  • Gave the recipient prestige, but not land or power.
  • Rewarded people for their loyalty.
  • Henry used professionals as advisors, rather than just nobles - helped grow crown lands.
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13
Q

What was the Great Council?

A

Where meetings of high matters of state, usually in moments of emergency were called. Meetings were called by Henry and filled with noblemen.

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14
Q

What was the success of the Great Council?

A

A form of control for Henry - if nobles had been included and agreed with a major decision, they couldn’t criticise Henry for the policy.

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15
Q

What are the failures of the Great Council?

A
  • If they disagreed, the king could go back on the Council.
  • Could delay decisions.
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16
Q

What are examples of the Great Council?

A
  • 1485, calling of Parliament and the announcement of Henry’s marriage.
  • 1487 = response to Simnel’s threat.
  • 1488 = to authorise a subsidy for the campaign in Brittany.
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17
Q

What were Henry’s methods of punishments?

A

Acts of attainders, Bonds and recognisances, Feudal dues, Retaining and Crown Lands.

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18
Q

What were Acts of Attainder?

A

Acts that stripped the nobility of their land and titles.

19
Q

Examples of Acts of Attainders

A
  • Thomas Howard imprisoned and had his land and title stripped after the Battle of Bosworth.
    Howard started to win back Henry’s trust - refused to leave the tower during Simnel’s plot and so Henry gave him his land back, but demoted his title from the Duke of Surrey to the Earl of Surrey.
  • 138 Acts of Attainders passed by Henry.
  • 46 Attainders reversed.
20
Q

What were the successes of the Acts of Attainders?

A
  • Henry restored Howards line after he swore his allegiance in 1489.
  • Rewards and sanctions.
  • Henry was more willing to reverse attainders than Edward IV.
21
Q

What were the failures of the Acts of Attainders?

A

-9/138 attainders passed against nobles.
-Henry harsher on non-nobles.
-Payment for the removal of attainees was common.
-Henry’s policy increased in several of his reign progress.

22
Q

What were bonds?

A

Written agreements in which people promised to pay a sum of money if they break their promise.

23
Q

What were recognisances?

A

Formal acknowledgement of a debt that already existed and the will to pay if the debt was not met.

24
Q

What is evidence of bonds and recognisances?

A

-Between 1485-1509, 36/62 nobles gave bonds and or recognisances to the king.
-Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset, was required to transfer all of his land except two manors to trustees, pay a recognisance of £1000 and find others to pay £10,000 in recognisances on his behalf. By 1499, Dorset proved his loyalty and so the agreements were cancelled.

25
Q

What was the failure in regards to bonds and recognisances?

A

Henry’s line of bonds/recognisances became more severe as time went on - much more than Yorkist rule and this could create Yorkist sympathies.

26
Q

What were Feudal dues?

A

Wardship = Henry took control of the estates owned by minors, until they became of age and he kept the profit.

Marriage = Henry profited from the arranged marriage of heirs.

Livery = Henry was paid to give land back from wardship.

Relief = Henry received money as land was inherited.

Escheats = Payments made when land reverted back to the crown.

27
Q

What are examples of Feudal Dues?

A
  • Katherine Dowager, Duchess of Buckinghamshire, was fined around £7000 for marrying without the King’s license.
  • Edward, Duke of Buckingham, was fined about £7000 for entering his inheritance in 1498 without license before he was 21.
  • Increase in wardship and marriage from £350 in 1487 to £6000 in 1507.
28
Q

What is a success of feudal dues?

A

Henry received a large amount of money from them.

29
Q

What are the failures of feudal dues?

A

-Henry became increasingly harsher.
-His actions would anger and alienate members of the nobility.
-Feudal dues were reportedly made up in many cases = Sir Richard Thompson.

30
Q

What was retaining?

A

Recruiting gentry followers and Henry limited the number allowed.

31
Q

Evidence of retaining

A
  • Lords in the Commons had to swear in the 1485 Parliament to not illegally retain.
  • Earl of Devon was given a recognisance not to retain illegally in 1504 and when he broke the promise he was forced to pay some of the sum.
  • 1504 Proclamations ensured that nobles had to obtain special ‘placards’ or licenses to retain. These cost £5 per month of illegal retaining - meant that Lord Burgavenny had to pay a fine of £26,000 that was split between 26 people.
32
Q

Successes of retaining

A
  • Henry received money from fines.
  • The number of nobles reported to have illegal retainees was 0 - threat was minimal
33
Q

Failure of retaining

A
  • Illegal retaining wasn’t eradicated completely.
34
Q

What were crown lands?

A

Henry recalled crown lands.

35
Q

Evidence of Crown lands?

A

Act of Resumption 1486 = recovered all land granted away since 1455 for the crown.

  • Henry rewarded his loyal followers, not with his land, but with the land of his opponents.
  • Lands formerly owned by Warwick ‘the Kingmaker’ and by the Dukes of Gloucester and Clarence were almost all reclaimed by Henry.
36
Q

Successes of crown lands

A

Crown lands grew vastly in Henry’s reign.

Henry was able to reward loyal followers with foreign land = gain support without losing power.

37
Q

Failure of crown lands

A

People who had land taken from them during acts of attainders had to first pay for their land back.

38
Q

How many Earls did Henry make?

A

3.

39
Q

What did Henry rely on the nobility to do?

A

To maintain law and order.

40
Q

Why did Henry deliberately refrain from making new creations?

A

-A limited noble class was easier to control.
-As he so rarely elevated anyone to upper levels of society, it was regarded as a prized honour and distinction when it happened.
-The grant of a title meant that Henry had to give away crown land, causing a decrease in revenue.

41
Q

How many Earls did Edward IV make?

A

9.

42
Q

Which Earls did Henry make?

A

His stepfather Thomas, Lord Stanley, became Earl of Derby.

Sir Edward Courtenay, who became the Earl of Devon.

Philibert de Chandee, who in recognition of his military skills during the Battle of Bosworth, became the Earl of Bath.

43
Q

What was the peerage of nobility in 1485?

A

62.

44
Q

What was the peerage in 1509?

A

42.

Henry VII (8 decks)

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