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Astronomy > The Cosmic Perspective: Making Sense of the Universe (Chapter 4) > Flashcards

The Cosmic Perspective: Making Sense of the Universe (Chapter 4) Flashcards

1
Q

The condition in which an object is falling without resistance

A

Free-fall

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2
Q

In the absence of a net force, an object moves with constant velocity

A

Newton’s First Law of Motion

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3
Q

Law states how a net force affects an object’s motion; force = mass X acceleration

A

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

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4
Q

For any force, there’s always an equal and opposite reaction of the force

A

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

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5
Q

The international unit of energy, equivalent to about 1/4000 of a Calorie

A

Joule

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6
Q

An encounter in which two (or more) objects pass near enough so that each can feel the effects of the other’s gravity and can therefore exchange energy

A

Gravitational Encounter

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7
Q

The most commonly used temperature scale in science is defined such that absolute zero is OK and water freezes at 273.15K

A

Kelvin

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8
Q

The temperature scale commonly used in daily activity internationally defined so that, on Earth’s surface, water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and boils at 100 degrees Celsius

A

Celsius

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9
Q

The law expresses the force of gravity between two objects

A

Universal Law of Gravitation

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10
Q

Momentum attributable to rotation or revolution

A

Angular Momentum

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11
Q

The speed necessary for an object to escape the gravity of a large body (moon, planet, or star)

A

Escape Velocity

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12
Q

A law followed by any quantity that decreases with the square of the distance between two objects

A

Inverse Square Law

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13
Q

Orbits on which an object travels repeatedly around another object

A

Bound Orbits

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14
Q

The portion of any object’s total velocity that’s directed across our line of sight as it can only be measured by observing the object’s gradual motion across our sky

A

Tangential Velocity

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15
Q

The potential energy that can be released through chemical reactions

A

Chemical Potential Energy

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16
Q

The higher-than-average tides on Earth that occur at new and full moon, when the tidal forces from the Sun and Moon both act along the same line

A

Spring Tides

17
Q

The amount of mass per unit volume of an object; it’s more commonly stated in units of grams/cubic centimeter in Astronomy

A

Density (Mass)

18
Q

The sum of an orbiting object’s kinetic and gravitational potential energies

A

Orbital Energy

19
Q

A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance

A

Temperature

20
Q

The three basic laws that describe how objects respond to forces

A

Newton’s Laws of Motion

21
Q

The standard unit of force in the metric system

A

Newton

22
Q

The lower-than-average tides on Earth that occur at first- and third-quarter moon, when the tidal forces from the Sun and Moon oppose each other

A

Neap Tides

23
Q

Energy carried by light

A

Radiative Energy

24
Q

A generalization of Kepler’s third law used to calculate the masses of orbiting objects from measurements of orbital period and distance

A

Newton’s version of Kepler’s third law

25
Q

The precise mathematical shape of one type of unbound orbit (The other is a parabola) allowed under the force of gravity

A

Hyperbola

26
Q

The coldest possible temperature, which is 0K

A

Absolute Zero

27
Q

The proposed force that exists at very high energies when the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces all act as one

A

GUT Force

28
Q

Friction within an object that’s caused by a tidal force

A

Tidal Friction

29
Q

A force that occurs when the gravity pulling on one side of an object is larger than that on the other side, causing the object to stretch

A

Tidal Force

30
Q

The rate at which an object’s velocity changes; standard units are Mass/Speed^2

A

Acceleration

31
Q

Energy stored for later conversion into kinetic energy; includes gravitational, electrical, and chemical potential energies

A

Potential Energy

32
Q

The experimentally measured constant G that appears in the law of universal gravitation

A

Gravitational Constant

33
Q

The collective kinetic energy, as measured by temperature, of the many individual particles moving within a substance

A

Thermal Energy

34
Q

A weight of zero, as occurs during free-fall

A

Weightlessness

35
Q

A satellite that orbits Earth in the same time it takes Earth to rotate (one sidereal day)

A

Geosynchronous Satellite

Astronomy (6 decks)

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