The control of gene expression

Question 1

Triplet

Answer 1

three DNA bases sequence that code for 1 amino acid

Question 2

codon

Answer 2

three mRNA base sequence that code for 1 amino acid

Question 3

anticodon

Answer 3

complimentary bases on tRNA molecule that corresponds to 1 amino acid

Question 4

function of DNA

Answer 4

contains genetics which code for amino acid sequence of ppc or functional rna

Question 5

function of mrna

Answer 5

carries the code for a ppc from nucleus to ribosome

Question 6

How does a mutation result in a non functional protein

Answer 6

Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins
as change in dna base sequence changes aa changes hydrogen/ionic/disulphide bonds in tertiary structure change

Question 7

name all types of mutation

Answer 7

addition
deletion
substitution
inversion
duplication
translocation

Question 8

Explain addition mutation

Answer 8

A base is added into the DNA base sequence
casuses frame shift

Question 9

Explain deletion mutation

Answer 9

A base is deleted from the base sequence
causes frame shift

Question 10

Explain substitution mutation

Answer 10

A base is substituted for another base in the base sequence

Question 11

Explain inversion mutation

Answer 11

a group of bases become separated from, the dna sequence snd re join at same position but inverted
CAAT to TAAC

Question 12

Explain duplication mutation

Answer 12

One or more bases are repeated
causes frame shift
CAT to CATCATCAT

Question 13

Explain translocation mutation

Answer 13

a group of bases become separated from dna sequence on one chromosome and is inserted into the dna sequence of a different chromosome
can cause frame shift

Question 14

explain how different bonds can effect the tiertary stucture

Answer 14

if a base is substituted changing one triplet code and is envolved with hydrogen bonding it will definitely change the tertiary structure if not h bonding then less effect

Question 15

What will happen if a mutation occurs in the genes that control cell devision

Answer 15

uncontrolled cell division occurs causing tumours or cancer

Question 16

What is a stem cell

Answer 16

an undifferentiated cell which can divide unlimitedly by mitosis

Question 17

Totipotent stem cell

Answer 17

can divide and differentiate into any type of cell
in a zygote

Question 18

Pluripotent stem cell

Answer 18

divide and differentiate into most types of cell
can be used to treat human diseases

Question 19

Multipotent stem cell

Answer 19

can divide and differentiate to form limited cells

Question 20

Unipotent stem cells

Answer 20

can divide and differentiate into a single cell

Question 21

Explain the process of using embryonic stem cells to treat human diseases

Answer 21

in vitro (pluripotent cells)
embryo is harvested and is cultured in a growth medium with nutrients
embryonic cells divide into colonies overtime
differentiation occurs which is artificially control
specific genes are expressed
(all cells contain sake 23 pairs of chromosomes)

Question 22

Explain ethical concerns

Answer 22

religious belief
potential human life
with get tossed from ivf anyway so can use to help save lives

Question 23

Explain induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
(should always be lower case i)

Answer 23

adults somatic/ body cells can be reversed back into pluripotent cells using transcription factors
specialised cells removed from a patient
transcription factors associated with genes are added
causing cells to become pluripotent from unipotent
factors are added to control expression so they divide and differentiate to specific cells
specialsied cells are transplanted into body