The Conflict between Church and State Flashcards
Which church dominates England in the medieval period?
Roman Catholic
What is the structure of the Roman Catholic church?
Pope
Cardinals
Archbishops
Bishops
Priests
What is the pope?
The leader of the Roman Catholic church
Who elects the pope?
Cardinals
What are cardinals?
They are the “elected government” of the Roman Catholic church
What is an archbishop?
Chief bishops that rule over larger districts
What is the land called in which archbishops rule over?
Archdioceses
What are archbishops responsible for?
Making sure that bishops follow church rules and laws
What is the land called in which bishops rule over?
Dioceses
What is the diocese?
The main administrative unit of the Church
What are the roles of bishops?
Supervise all activities of their church
Visits all religious institutions regular intervals
Educating the Christian faith
Arranging charity works in their area
Speak up for the poor
How is each diocese divided up?
Into parishes
Who is responsible for the local parishes?
Priests
What are the responsibilities of priests?
They have the same responsibilities in their parish as bishops do in their diocese
When did Henry II see an opportunity to reassert his authority in the Church?
When Archbishop of Canterbury, Theobald of Bec, died
Who did Henry appoint as the new Archbishop of Canterbury?
Thomas Becket
Who is Thomas Becket?
A middle class nobleman with a Norman background
He was born in London 1118
He received a good education
What was Beckets personality like?
Becket was known to be a good conversationalist, charming, energetic and versataile
What was Becket’s religious background?
Becket was earmarked for advancement, sent on important missions to Rome and was well rewarded with titles
How did A L Poole view Becket?
“He had certain virtues which led to a pure life which was rare however he appears as a vain and ambitious man”
Who recommended Becket as the chancellor and why did they recommend him?
Archbishop Theobald of Bec recommended Becket hoping he might support the aims of the Church in his role which he didn’t
Whenever there was a clash between the church and crown, Becket always advocated the crown
How was Henry and Beckets relationship during his role as Chancellor?
They were bestfriends
Henry allowed Becket to keep a splendid home to reflect the wealth of the state and represented this abroad too
When did Becket resign as chancellor?
1162
How did William Fitzstephen describe Henry and Thomas’s relationship?
“The king and Becket played together like little boys of the same age at court, in church in assemblies and in riding”
What was Henry’s aims in relation to the Church?
To restore royal authority
What did Henry want to control within the Church?
Henry wanted control of his ancestral rights and the appointment of bishops,
He expected to be informed of communications with Rome
Henry also would not allow excommunications of Barons without assent from him
How did the Henry-Becket dispute start?
Beckets appointment of Archbishop of Canterbury
When was Becket elected as Archbishop?
May 1162
Why did Henry give Becket the Archbishop position?
Henry hoped Becket would defend the rights of the crown in church affairs
Why was Becket not suited to be Archbishop?
Becket was a royal wealthy clerk and normally royal clerks never interfered with the church
What happened when Becket became Archbishop of Canterbury?
He resigned as Chancellor and gave up his privileged life
He became deeply religious by praying, fasting, gave to the poor and read Latin books
Becket challenged and defied Henry over several issues most notably at church councils
What angered Henry about the Church?
Henry was angered and refused to accept the “legitimate” rights of the English church which he thought undermined royal authority
Which “legitimate” rights did Henry want?
Henry wanted to be able to control his ancestral rights, the appointment of bishops as well as all communications with Rome
What angered Henry about the ecclesiastical churches?
The issue of criminous clerks
What are criminous clerks?
A member of the clergy who has committed a serious secular crime but gets trialed in an ecclesiastical court to avoid harsher punishments
Give an example of a criminous clerk
Phillip de Broi
Why were criminous clerk cases so frequent?
The English church had the exclusive right to try and punish these clerks in its own church courts and it cited canon law
How did Becket view the criminous clerk situations?
Becket supported the rights of the Church rather than his royal master
What else did Henry want from the Church?
The church to only excommunicate barons and royal officials with assent from the King
What does excommunication mean?
Action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church
Why did Henry argue for all excommunications to have approval?
Henry claims he was upholding the customs enjoyed by the Norman kings of England
Did Becket approve of excommunicating only with assent?
No Becket rejected it and used the theories of the church reform movement to support his position
He argued spiritual penalties were a matter for the church alone and had nothing to do with royal authority
What were the 4 councils in which the Becket and Henry dispute was discussed?
Council of Woodstock
Council of Westminster
Council of Clarendon
Council of Northampton
When was the council of Woodstock?
July 1163
At the council of Woodstock, what does Becket refuse to do?
He refuses to pay Sheriff’s aid and led to the opposition of it
What is sheriff’s aid?
A fee that has traditionally been paid to the sheriff by all tenants-in-chief (ecclesiastical and secular)
How did Henry feel about Becket’s refusal to pay sheriff’s aid?
Henry does nothing but is personally betrayed and humiliated
When was the council of Westminster?
October 1163