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Russian revision > The condition of Russia before the revolution of February 1917 > Flashcards

The condition of Russia before the revolution of February 1917 Flashcards

1
Q

who was the autocratic Emperor of Russia in 1917?

A

tsar nicholas II

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2
Q

what dynasty was tsar nicholas II a member of?

A

romanov

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3
Q

how long had tsar nicholas II been ruling for?

A

1613-1917

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4
Q

how did tsar nicholas’ grandfather alexander II die?

A

blown up by a revolutionary bomb

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5
Q

what type of person was alexander II?

A

reformist

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6
Q

what influenced the way nicholas ruled?

A

his reformist grandfather being blown up by a revolutionary bomb and the behaviour of his reactionary father.

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7
Q

what was nicholas’ personality like?

A

shy, awkward in public, found intricate details of political affirs boring, tended to be overly-cautious, extremely stubborn.

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8
Q

what did nicholas feel he needed to do to his ministers and why?

A

keep them weak to preserve his own authority.

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9
Q

what specifics all helped weaken political authority in russia by early 1917?

A

his reluctance to innovate combined with perpetual problems of state finance and disorganisation brought by many overlapping institutions of tsarist government.

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10
Q

who was nicholas’ wife and where was she born?

A

alexandra the german princess

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11
Q

in 1905, who did alexandra introduce nicholas to and why?

A

rasputin as he was able to ease the pain of their only son, aleksei, who suffered from haemophilia.

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12
Q

how did rasputin affect the tsardom?

A

his influence over the tsar had extended to interfering in government appointments, particularly after war broke out in 1914. Also, he was known for his womansing which damaged nicholas’ reputation with the very people he relied upon to prop up the autocracy.

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13
Q

which people did nicholas rely on to prop up the autocracy?

A

politicians inside and outside the court, civil servants, orthodox bishops and army officers.

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14
Q

when did russia find itself embroiled in war?

A

1914

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15
Q

how was the tsars decsion to go to war first perceived?

A

popular initially and supported by a wave of anti-german sentiment.

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16
Q

what did the duma vote for before dissolving itself?

A

war credits

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17
Q

what were war credits?

A

the rasing of taxes and loans to finance war

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18
Q

why did the duma dissolve itself?

A

it didnt want ti burden the country with ‘unnecessary politics’ in war time.

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19
Q

what did the capital change its name from and to and why?

A

from st.petersburg to petrograd as it was too germanic before.

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20
Q

what were some initial successes?

A

vast army was rapidly assembled, they amazed the germans with the speed at which the russian ‘steam roller’ was able to get to the front.

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21
Q

why was the spirit of national solidarity dapened?

A

russians began to be defated more and more

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22
Q

what was a notable disastrous defeat in august 1914?

A

battle of tannenburg in east prussia

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23
Q

how many people were dead or wounded from the battle of tannenburg?

A

300,000

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24
Q

how many were taken prisoner from the battle of tannenburg?

A

thousands

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25
Q

what greater success did they have?

A

in the south against austria-hungary

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26
Q

when it was clear that the war wouldnt end in a quick victory, what reports came through?

A

reports of military incompetence inflamed the simmering discontent in the russian capital

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27
Q

how many men were mobilised between 1914-1917?

A

12 million

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28
Q

what type of men were mainly mobilised in the army?

A

conscripted peasants

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29
Q

how were the russian government unable to provide for their soliders?

A

they were sent to fight without suitable weaponry and without basic clothing and properly fitting waterproof footwear.

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30
Q

in 1914 how many rifles did the infantry have?

A

2 rifles for very 3 soldiers

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31
Q

in 1915 what were the russian artillery limited to?

A

two or three shells per day

32
Q

what led to fall in moral and desertions by the end of 1916?

A

loss of experinced officers. heavy casualties and a deteriorating economic and political situation within russia itself.

33
Q

how many desertions were there by the end of 1916?

A

1.5 million

34
Q

what had the tsarist government set up in july 1914?

A

military zones where all civilian authority was suspeneded and the military assumed command.

35
Q

what did the zemstva provide?

A

medical facilities which the state seemed to neglect

36
Q

who set up a congress of representatives of industry and business and to do what?

A

factory owners and businessemen to help coordinate production

37
Q

in june 1915 what did the zemstva form and with who?

A

formed the zemgor with muncipal dumas

38
Q

who chaired the zemgor?

A

prince lvov

39
Q

what chance ws nicholas given in august 1915?

A

to institute political reform and save his own position by transferring responsibility for war effort to a civilian government

40
Q

who made up the ‘progressive bloc’?

A

over half the fourth duma deputies (kadets, octobrists, progressives)

41
Q

what did the progressive bloc demand?

A

‘government of public confidence’ so effectively a constitutional monarchy in which they would have a dominant voice.

42
Q

what led the tsar to become commander in chief?

A

defeats in galicia

43
Q

whe did the tsar become commander in chief?

A

september 1915

44
Q

what did people thik fo the tsar becoming commander in chief at first?

A

overtones of bravery and heroism

45
Q

what was already a weakness with nicholas being commander in chief?

A

he had no military experience

46
Q

what did being commander in chief do to nicholas?

A

made him appear yet more responsible for war defeats.

47
Q

what was an outcome of nicholas distacing himself from developments in petrograd?

A

rasputin meddled in political appointments and policy decisions.

48
Q

what rumours surrounded the tsardom?

A

rasputin was having an affair with alexandra who as a german was accused of sabotaging the russain war effort.

49
Q

who was the president of the fourth duma?

A

mikhail rodzianko

50
Q

what did rodzianko warn nicholas of?

A

about rasputins unpopularity and the damage he was doing to the tsarist cause.

51
Q

who murdered rasputin and when?

A

prince yusupov in december 1916

52
Q

what did alexandra write in a letter to nicholas on 25th february 1917 and what was his response?

A

“young boys and girls running about screaming that they have no bread” “this will all pass and quieten down”

53
Q

how did the government pay for the war?

A

through increasing taxes and raising huge loans at home and abroad

54
Q

what did damage to industrial and grain exports cause?

A

massive inflation

55
Q

what happened to money in 1917?

A

virtually worthless, prices rose much more steeply than wages

56
Q

what did millions conscripted into the army cause?

A

shortage of men in the countryside

57
Q

why did the supplies of food fall?

A

shortage of workers in the fields, peasants began to hoard food instead of selling it, the inadequacy of the transport and distribution systems.

58
Q

what happened to russian trade?

A

virually standstill

59
Q

as rationing barely helped out what did this cause?

A

hunger and famine

60
Q

what were the railway systems like?

A

collapsed

61
Q

what were railways taken over to do?

A

transport men and goods to the front

62
Q

what happened to railway locomotive production?

A

halved between 1913 and 1916 and there were severe fuel shortages

63
Q

what happened to the food due to the railways?

A

food that shouldve been taken into the cities left to rot beside the railway sidings for lack of transport while some huge cargoes of grain were sent to the front line at expense of desperate townsfolk.

64
Q

where and why did unemployment soar?

A

petrograd and moscow due to non-military factories, deprived of vital supplies, were forced to close.

65
Q

what specifically financially crippled what little industry survived?

A

lock outs and strkes

66
Q

what left thousands living on the brink of starvation?

A

300% rise in cost of living, rising death rates because of the workers’ insanitary lodgings and the inadequancies of their diets.

67
Q

what happened in january 1917 due to discontent?

A

strikes in petrograd and moscow

68
Q

how many people went on strike in petrograd and moscow in january 1917?

A 
petrograd= 145,000 workers
moscow= 30,000 workers
69
Q

how did most ordinary men and women feel about the tsarist regime by february 1917?

A

patriotic at heart and many would have claimed their love for the tsar, but their struggle to survive and meet their everyday needs increased their indifference to the fate of their rulers.

70
Q

where was ordinary peoples anger directed and how was it shown?

A

at those immediately above them and came in the form of strikes, riots or violence against employers or landlords.

71
Q

how were conditions in the army in the winter of 1916-17?

A

appalling as temperatures fell to 35 degress below zero

72
Q

what did alexsandr guchov talk to senior army officers about in 1916?

A

possible coup to force the abdication of the tsar

73
Q

what did milyukov accuse the tsars ministers of?

A

seeking peace with germany behind the dumas back in november 1916

74
Q

when lenin was living in switzerland he rejected the majority view and claimed that…

A

“the war must be turned into a civil war of the proletarian soldiers against their own governments”

75
Q

who helped stir up discontent in russia?

A

radical socialist agitators

76
Q

how many followers did lenin have at the beginning of 1917?

A

no more than 10,000

Russian revision (3 decks)

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