Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Cold War (Shuttleworth College) > The Cold War Crises (1958-1970) > Flashcards

The Cold War Crises (1958-1970) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

What was the refugee crisis?

A

When many East Germans wanted to leave the Communist areas and move to the capitalist areas of West Germany where there were better jobs and a higher standard of living.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why was Berlin at the centre of the refugee crisis?

A

Because East Germans could easily cross into West Berlin and from there travel into West Germany.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many East Germans crossed into West Germany in 1958?

A

3 million. This was 1/6th of the population of East Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kind of people were moving to West Germany?

A

Highly skilled workers (engineers, teachers and electricians.
They could get highly paid jobs in West Germany and were difficult to replace in East Germany.
It was known as the ‘Brain Drain’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the impact of the refugee crisis on the USSR?

A

It was embarrassing as people were clearly choosing capitalism over communism.
It was difficult to replace the skilled workers who had left making East Germany weak.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum?

A

November 1958

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum?

A

The West had 6 weeks to remove its troops from Berlin and make it a free city or the USSR would take control of all East German transport links.
This would allow them to stop East Germans travelling to West Berlin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happened at the Geneva Summit in May 1959?

A

Neither side would agree to the others ideas about what to do with Berlin.
President Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to the USA for more talks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happened at the Camp David Summit in September 1959?

A

Eisenhower and Khrushchev met face to face.
Khrushchev agreed to remove the Berlin Ultimatum
It created a better relationship between the USA and USSR
Nothing was agreed about Berlin but it was agreed to meet the next year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happened at the Paris Summit in May 1960?

A

The USSR shot down an American U2 spy plane. The USA lied and claimed it was a weather plane but the pilot admitted it was a spy plane.
Eisenhower refused to apologise and Khrushchev stormed out of the meeting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happened at the Vienna Summit in June 1961?

A

John F Kennedy was the new US President and Khrushchev thought he could bully him to get his own way.
Khrushchev tried to get Kennedy to agree to the Berlin Ultimatum from 1958 but Kennedy refused.
In response Kennedy tried to intimidate the USSR by increasing US defense spending by $2 billion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many East Germans crossed the border in one day in August 1961?

A

40,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When did Khrushchev order the border between East and West Berlin to be shut?

A

12th August 1961

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How did the USSR plan to stop people from crossing the border?

A

A barbed wire fence was built around East Berlin.
This would later be replaced by a concrete wall.
There would only be one crossing point that was heavily guarded (Checkpoint Charlie)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happened to people who attempted to cross the wall?

A

Anyone seen attempting to cross the wall would be shot.

Over 130 people were killed trying to escape from East Berlin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What were the positive outcomes of the Berlin Wall for the USSR?

A

It stopped the Brain drain
The USSR looked strong as the USA did nothing to stop them from building the wall
It made Khrushchev believe that Kennedy was a weak leader.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What were the negative outcomes of the Berlin Wall for the USSR?

A

Communism was made to look bad as they were forcing people to stay in East Berlin.
They were not able to take control of West Berlin.
NATO troops remained in control of West Berlin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What were the positive outcomes of the Berlin Wall for the USA?

A

Capitalism looked strong as the USSR was forced to build a wall to stop East Germans moving to the West.
Kennedy looked like a good leader after his 1963 visit to Berlin where he showed that the USA would defend capitalism in West Berlin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What were the negative outcomes of the Berlin Wall for the USA?

A

It made Kennedy look weak as he had failed to stop the border from being closed.
People who wanted to escape from East Berlin could no longer do so.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happened during the Cuban Revolution?

A

Rebels led by Fidel Castro removed the pro USA government led by Batista.
They also took over US companies in Cuba and took away land that was owned by Americans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How did the USA respond to the Cuban Revolution?

A

They refused to trade with Cuba and in particular refused to buy their sugar.
This was a problem as it would destroy the Cuban economy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How did Cuba solve the problem of no trade with the USA?

A

They entered into an agreement with the USSR in 1960.

The USSR promised to buy Cuban sugar and give economic aid, this brought the countries closer together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When was the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

A

April 1961

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

A

The CIA armed and trained 1,400 Cuban refugees who then launched an attack on Cuba to remove Castro and his government.
No US troops were used so the USA could deny any involvement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why did the Bay of Pigs fail?

A

Castro had 20,000 Cuban troops waiting for the invasion.
The Cuban exiles had little military experience.
The USA refused to use their airforce to support the invasion.
Most ordinary Cubans refused to support the invasion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What were the consequences of the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

A

Castro felt threatened by the USA and so formed an even closer relationship with the USSR
This would lead to a deal to place ICBMs onto Cuba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are ICBMs?

A

Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles (missiles that carry nuclear warheads long distances) `

28
Q

What directly caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

A U2 spy plane recorded images of missile launch pads on Cuba in 1962.
The CIA also became aware of a fleet of Soviet ships that were sailing to Cuba. It was believed they were carrying the nuclear weapons.

29
Q

Why did Khrushchev want to place nuclear missiles onto Cuba?

A

Because Cuba was only 90 miles from Florida the missiles would discount MAD as they would arrive in the USA before they could react.
Khrushchev thought that Kennedy was a weak leader after the Berlin Wall so thought he could make himself look strong.

30
Q

How long did the Cuban Missile Crisis last?

A

13 days (16-28 October 1962)

31
Q

What was Kennedys first step in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

He held a meeting with his top advisers, they then met every day to create a plan. These plans included military attacks and even an invasion of Cuba.

32
Q

What did Kennedy decide on October 22nd 1962?

A

That the USA would not attack Cuba

33
Q

What was the US plan to stop the Soviet ships from reaching Cuba?

A

They created a naval blockade around Cuba that would prevent Soviet ships from passing.

34
Q

What were the risks of the blockade?

A

If the Soviet ships refused to stop and crossed the blockade the US ships would have to sink them, this could escalate into a nuclear war.

35
Q

How did Kennedy prepare for the possibility of the Soviets breaking the blockade?

A

The USA had 54 bombers armed with nuclear missiles ready to be used against the USSR in the event of a nuclear war.

36
Q

How was the Cuban Missile Crisis solved?

A

Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed on a range of points:
The USA would never invade Cuba and would (secretly) remove its ICBMs from Turkey
The USSR would remove its missile sites from Cuba

37
Q

What were the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

Tension decreased as both sides were scared by how close war had come
A hotline was set up that allowed the leaders of the USA and USSR to have instant direct contact

38
Q

What treaty’s were created as a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

Test Ban Treaty (1963): Banned the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space, under water and in the Earths atmosphere.
Outer Space Treaty (1967): Outer space was not to be used for any military purposes
Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty: The USA and USSR were not allowed to share nuclear technology or information with other countries.

39
Q

What was the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis on Kennedy?

A

He became more popular in the USA and was seen as a strong leader as he had forced the USSR to back down.

40
Q

What was the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis on Khruschev?

A

He was removed as leader in 1964 as the USSR had been made to look weak.
This was partly because the deal to remove US missiles from Turkey had been kept secret.

41
Q

When did the Prague Spring happen?

A

1968

42
Q

Why was there opposition to the USSR in Czechoslovkia?

A

The economy was poor and all goods made in Czechoslovakia were taken to the USSR
There was a poor standard of living
There was no freedom of speech
There was no democracy as the Communist Party was the only political party
Stalin had previously ordered purges where anyone opposed to Communism was attacked and either put in prison or executed.

43
Q

Who was Alexander Dubcek?

A

A Czechoslovakian Communist who became leader of Czechoslovakia in 1968

44
Q

What did Alexander Dubcek believe in?

A

‘Socialism with a human face’
Dubcek wanted to increase freedom of speech and the standard of living in Czechoslovakia
He wanted to stay in the Warsaw Pact

45
Q

What changes were made by Dubcek when he became leader?

A

Changes were made in April 1968 and became known as the Prague Spring
There was less censorship (more freedom of speech)
Trade Unions were allowed (which protected workers rights)
Trade with countries outside of Eastern Europe was allowed
Czechoslovakian people could travel outside of Eastern Europe
There was open discussion about allowing other political parties to exist

46
Q

Who Leonid Brezhnev?

A

The man who became leader of the USSR in 1969

He disliked the changes made by Dubcek and feared that other satellite states might also now want more freedom.

47
Q

How did Brezhnev react to the Prague Spring?

A

He ordered the Warsaw Pact troops to carry out military training on the borders of Czechoslovakia as a threat and warned Dubcek to stop weakening Communism.
When Dubcek arranged to meet 2 other leaders who wanted freedom from the USSR Brezhnev ordered 500,000 soldiers to invade.

48
Q

How did Dubcek react to the invasion?

A

He ordered his people and the army to remain peaceful and not fight back as he knew they could not win.
This was different to the Hungarian Uprising where people attempted to fight back.

49
Q

What kind of protests where conducted against the invading Warsaw Pact soldiers in Czechoslovakia 1969?

A

Peacefully blocking roads, giving wrong directions to soldiers, a student called Jan Palach set himself on fire as a protest against reduced freedom of speech

50
Q

What happened to Dubcek?

A

He was arrested and replaced with a hardline (strict) communist leader

51
Q

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A

The idea that the USSR would use military force to keep control of Eastern Europe like in Czechoslovakia.
It increased Soviet control as other countries were too afraid to challenge the USSR.

52
Q

What were the consequences of the Prague Spring

A

The USSR and Warsaw Pact looked powerful
Other Eastern European countries were now under heavier control
The USA looked weak as although they protested they could not take military action

53
Q

What was Detente?

A

A period of peace and cooperation between the USA and USSR to try and prevent nuclear war

54
Q

What caused Detente?

A

Fears that a nuclear war might actually happen, particularly following the Cuban Missile Crisis and MAD

55
Q

Why did the USA want to enter into Detente?

A

They wanted to end the Vietnam War
They wanted to be able to spend less money on weapons and more money on solving problems in the USA like poverty and civil rights

56
Q

Why did the USSR want to enter into Detente?

A

The USSR had poor living standards and its people were becoming increasingly unhappy
Building expensive nuclear weapons was damaging the Soviet economy

57
Q

Why did European countries want to enter into Detente?

A

To reduce the threat of a war across Europe
The leader of West Germany (Willy Brandt) wanted to create a better relationship between East and West Germany. He called this ‘Ostpolitik’

58
Q

How did President Nixon (USA) help to improve relations between Communism and Capitalism?

A

He visited the USSR twice (1972 and 1974) and China once (1972) the first US leader to do so.
In these meetings both sides agreed to try and cooperate more and reduce tension

59
Q

What was SALT 1?

A

The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972)
It limited the number of ICBMs that each side were allowed
It prevented countries from placing missiles in areas that were hard to reach (like submarines on the seabed)

60
Q

What were the positives of SALT 1?

A

It showed that both sides were willing to negotiate

It showed that both the USA and USSR wanted to reduce the chances of a war breaking out

61
Q

What were the negatives of SALT 1?

A

Both sides could easily break the agreement

It did not cover newer technologies

62
Q

What were the Helsinki Accords (1975)

A

33 NATO and Warsaw Pact countries met in Helsinki to agree on what became known as the 2 baskets

63
Q

What were the 3 baskets at the Helsinki Accords?

A

Basket 1: Confirmed European borders making it less likely that an invasion would happen
Basket 2: International Cooperation was agreed on which included a trade deal and a join space mission
Basket 3: Human Rights: Both sides agreed to respect human rights of their people as well as freedom of speech, religion and movement across Europe

64
Q

What was agreed on in SALT 2 (1979)?

A

That there would be a limit on missiles and bombers (including stealth bombers)
That there would be a ban on testing new ICBMs

65
Q

Why was SALT 2 not effective?

A

The USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979 showing an increase in aggression and increasing tension.
In response the USA refused to sign the treaty

GCSE Cold War (Shuttleworth College) (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions