The cold War

Question 1

Four Asian Tigers

Answer 1

Se conocen como los cuatro tigres asiáticos a una generación de nuevos países industriales que se localizan en Asia y que, entre 1960 y 1990, mantuvieron altas tasas de crecimiento e industrialización

Question 2

Tiananmen Square Massacre

Answer 2

The protests were forcibly suppressed after the government declared martial law. In what became widely known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, troops with assault rifles and tanks killed at least several hundred demonstrators trying to block the military’s advance towards Tiananmen Square. The number of civilian deaths has been estimated at anywhere from hundreds to thousands.

Question 3

devolution

Answer 3

Devolution is the statutory delegation of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to govern at a subnational level, such as a regional or local level. It is a form of administrative decentralization. Devolved territories have the power to make legislation relevant to the area.

Question 4

Ronald Reagan

Answer 4

Ronald Wilson Reagan (/ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/) (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader.

Question 5

Gorbachev

Answer 5

Mijaíl Gorbachov es un abogado y político ruso que fue secretario general del Comité Central Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética desde 1985 hasta 1989 y jefe de Estado de la Unión Soviética de 1988 a 1991

Question 6

Perestroika

Answer 6

La Perestroika (en ruso перестройка (?·i), “reestructuración”) es conocida como la reforma económica destinada a desarrollar una nueva estructura de la economía interna de la Unión Soviética, la cual fue llevada a la práctica en todo su territorio por Mijaíl Gorbachov, un mes después de que tomara el poder.

Question 7

Glasnot

Answer 7

La glásnost (?·i) (En ruso Гласность, ‘apertura’, ‘transparencia’ o ‘franqueza’) se conoce como una política que se llevó a cabo a la par que la perestroika por el líder del momento Mijaíl Gorbachov, desde 1985 hasta 1991.

Question 8

Thatcherism

Answer 8

Thatcherism describes the conviction politics, economic, social policy and political style of the British Conservative Party politician Margaret Thatcher, who was leader of her party from 1975 to 1990. It has also been used to describe the beliefs of the British government under Thatcher as Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990, and beyond into the governments of John Major, Tony Blair and David Cameron.[1] An exponent or supporter of Thatcherism is regarded as a Thatcherite.

Question 9

Tony Blair

Answer 9

Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, más conocido como Tony Blair, es un político británico que fue primer ministro del Reino Unido entre 1997 y 2007. También fue líder del Partido Laborista entre 1994 y 2007.

Question 10

Yugoslavia

Answer 10

Yugoslavia es un término que describe genéricamente a varias entidades políticas que existieron sucesivamente en la parte occidental de la península balcánica en Europa, durante la mayor parte del siglo XX. Según Léon Thoorens,

Question 11

Bosnia

Answer 11

Bosnia y Herzegovina, comúnmente llamada Bosnia-Herzegovina, o simplemente Bosnia, es un país soberano europeo, con capital en Sarajevo, situado en la confluencia de Europa central y del sudeste europeo, …

Question 12

Rwanda

Answer 12

Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y’u Rwanda; French: République du Rwanda), is a sovereign state in Central and East Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year

Question 13

Cambodia

Answer 13

Cambodia (Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa, IPA: [ˈprĕəh riəciənaːˈcɑk kɑmpuˈciə]), is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 square miles) in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

Question 14

Kosovo

Answer 14

Kosovo (/ˈkɒsəvoʊ, ˈkoʊ-/;[8] Albanian: Kosova, [kɔsɔva] or Kosovë; Serbian Cyrillic: Косово) is a disputed territory[9][10] and partially recognised state[11][12] in Southeastern Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово/Republika Kosovo).

Question 15

Weapons of Mass Destruccion

Answer 15

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically. Originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives, since World War II it has come to refer to large-scale weaponry of other technologies, such as chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear.

Question 16

George W. Bush

Answer 16

George Walker Bush, más conocido como George W. Bush o George Bush, es un político y empresario estadounidense que sirvió como 43.º presidente de los Estados Unidos de América entre 2001 y 2009 y …

Question 17

Bill Clinton

Answer 17

William «Bill» Jefferson Clinton, es un político estadounidense quien fue el 42.º presidente de los Estados Unidos en los periodos de 1993-1997 y 1997-2001, siendo el tercer presidente más joven de la nación.

Question 18

NAFTA

Answer 18

El Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), en inglés North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) y en francés Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA), es un acuerdo regional entre los gobiernos de Canadá, de los Estados Unidos y de México para crear una zona de libre comercio, con un costo …

Question 19

Welfare State

Answer 19

The welfare state is a concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the social and economic well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization.[1] The sociologist T.H. Marshall described the modern welfare state as a distinctive combination of democracy, welfare, and capitalism

Question 20

Apartheid

Answer 20

El apartheid fue el sistema de segregación racial en Sudáfrica y Namibia, entonces parte de Sudáfrica, en vigor hasta 1992. Fue llamado así porque significa “separación” en afrikáans, (lengua germánica derivada del neerlandés hablada principalmente en Sudáfrica y Namibia).

Question 21

Nelson Mandela

Answer 21

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela fue un abogado, activista contra el apartheid, político y filántropo sudafricano que actuó como presidente de su país de 1994 a 1999. Wikipedia

Question 22

Congolese Conflict

Answer 22

Since the 1885 establishment of the Congo Free State, the privately controlled property of the Belgian King Leopold II, the State in Congo has been weak and predatory in nature. During colonisation, the Belgian authorities made little investment in infrastructure, governance structures or education, focusing solely on extracting natural resources in a mostly brutal and repressive fashion. They were caught unprepared by the independence movement in the late 1950s. When the Republic of the Congo was declared on 30 June 1960, the country had little capacity for self-governance and almost immediately descended into civil war.

Question 23

Hutu

Answer 23

Hutu es el nombre dado a uno de los tres grupos étnicos que ocupan Burundi, República Democrática del Congo y Ruanda. Los hutu son con mucho el grupo mayoritario. El 90 % de los ruandeses y el 85 % de los burundeses son hutu. Culturalmente se trata de una división artificial, basada más en la clase social que en la etnicidad, dado que no hay diferencias lingüísticas o culturales entre los hutu y los demás grupos étnicos de la zona, principalmente los tutsi. Históricamente, sin embargo, había diferencias físicas, principalmente en la altura media. Los hutu y los tutsi comparten la mayoría la misma religión y lenguaje (la mayoría son católicos y de idioma bantú). Algunos estudiosos señalan también el importante papel que tienen los colonizadores belgas en crear la idea de una raza hutu y una raza tutsi.

Question 24

Tutsi

Answer 24

Los tutsi es uno de los tres pueblos nativos de las naciones del África Central, Ruanda y Burundi.

Question 25

Kleptocracy

Answer 25

a society whose leaders make themselves rich and powerful by stealing from the rest of the people: This was not a democracy; it was a kleptocracy.

Question 26

New World Order

Answer 26

La teoría conspirativa del llamado Nuevo Orden Mundial afirma la existencia de un plan diseñado con el fin de imponer un gobierno único - colectivista, burocrático y controlado por sectores elitistas y plutocráticos - a nivel mundial

Question 27

Internet

Answer 27

El internet (o, también, la internet)3 es un conjunto descentralizado de redes de comunicación interconectadas que utilizan la familia de protocolos TCP/IP, lo cual garantiza que las redes físicas heterogéneas que la componen formen una red lógica única de alcance mundial. Sus orígenes se remontan a 1969, cuando se estableció la primera conexión de computadoras, conocida como ARPANET, entre tres universidades en California (Estados Unidos).

Question 28

Soweto Uprising

Answer 28

The Soweto uprising was a series of protests led by black school children in South Africa that began on the morning of 16 June 1976.[1]

Question 29

Bantustans

Answer 29

Bantustán es el término que designa cada uno de los veinte territorios que operaron como reservas tribales de habitantes no blancos en Sudáfrica y África del Sudoeste (actual Namibia), en el marco de las políticas segregacionistas impuestas durante la época del apartheid.

Question 30

Persian Gulf War

Answer 30

Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. Alarmed by these actions, fellow Arab powers such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the United States and other Western nations to intervene. Hussein defied United Nations Security Council demands to withdraw from Kuwait by mid-January 1991, and the Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm. After 42 days of relentless attacks by the allied coalition in the air and on the ground, U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28; by that time, most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled. Though the Persian Gulf War was initially considered an unqualified success for the international coalition, simmering conflict in the troubled region led to a second Gulf War–known as the Iraq War–that began in 2003.

Question 31

Helsinki Accords

Answer 31

The Helsinki Accords, Helsinki Final Act, or Helsinki Declaration was the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Finlandia Hall of Helsinki, Finland, during July and August 1, 1975. Thirty-five states, including the USA, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra, signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. The Helsinki Accords, however, were not binding as they did not have treaty status.[1]

Question 32

EEC

Answer 32

The Massachusetts Department of Early Education and Care (EEC) is in the process of revising the MA Quality Rating and Improvement System (QRIS). EEC is holding a series of regional meetings in April 2017 where Program Quality Unit staff will share a draft of the streamlined QRIS standards and solicit feedback from the field. EEC invites you to participate in one of these meetings. Please note that registration is not required.

Question 33

EEU

Answer 33

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)[note 1] is an economic union of states located primarily in northern Eurasia. A treaty aiming for the establishment of the EAEU was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, and came into force on 1 January 2015.[8] Treaties aiming for Armenia’s and Kyrgyzstan’s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively. Armenia’s accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015.[9] Kyrgyzstan’s accession treaty came into effect on 6 August 2015.[10][11] It participated in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state

Question 34

Chaebols

Answer 34

La labor de estos grupos contribuyó al crecimiento económico del país en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, hasta situar a Corea del Sur como uno de los “cuatro tigres asiáticos”. Algunos ejemplos de chaebol son Samsung, Hyundai, LG, Lotte y SK Group.

Question 35

corporation

Answer 35

A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated entities were established by charter (i.e. by an ad hoc act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). Most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration.

Question 36

Tokyo Stock Exanchange

Answer 36

The Tokyo Stock Exchange (東京証券取引所? Tōkyō Shōken Torihikijo), which is called Tōshō (東証?) or TSE/TYO for short, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan. It is the fourth largest stock exchange in the world by aggregate market capitalization of its listed companies, and largest in East Asia and Asia. It had 2,292 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of US$4.09 trillion as of April 2015.

Question 37

agglomerate

Answer 37

Agglomerates (from the Latin agglomerare meaning “to form into a ball”) are coarse accumulations of large blocks of volcanic material that contain at least 75% bombs. Volcanic bombs differ from volcanic blocks in that their shape records fluidal surfaces: they may, for example, have ropy, cauliform, scoriaceous, or folded, chilled margins and spindle,[clarification needed] spatter, ribbon, ragged, or amoeboid shapes. Globular masses of lava may have been shot from the crater at a time when partly molten lava was exposed, and was frequently shattered by sudden outbursts of steam. These bombs were viscous at the moment of ejection and by rotation in the air acquired their shape. They are commonly 1 to 2 feet (30 to 60 cm) in diameter, but specimens as large as 12 feet (3.7 m) have been observed.[1] There is less variety in their composition at any one volcanic centre than in the case of the lithic blocks, and their composition indicates the type of magma being erupted.

Question 38

genocide

Answer 38

Genocidio es un documental estadounidense de 1982 sobre el Holocausto, dirigido por Arnold Schwartzman. En 1981, ganó el Premio de la Academia como mejor documental largo.

Question 39

DengnXiaoping

Answer 39

Deng Xiaoping fue un político chino, máximo líder de la República Popular China desde 1978 hasta los últimos años de su vida.

Question 40

African Union

Answer 40

The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent. It was established on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and launched on 9 July 2002 in South Africa,[4] with the aim of replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states. The AU’s secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa.

Question 41

Free Trade

Answer 41

Free trade is a policy followed by some international markets in which countries’ governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries. Free trade is exemplified by the European Economic Area and the Mercosur, which have established open markets. Most nations are today members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral trade agreements. However, most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are intended to support local employment, such as applying tariffs to imports or subsidies to exports. Governments may also restrict free trade to limit exports of natural resources. Other barriers that may hinder trade include import quotas, taxes, and non-tariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation.

Question 42

Third World

Answer 42

El término tercer mundo fue acuñado por el economista francés Alfred Sauvy en 1952, realizando un paralelismo con el término francés Tercer Estado, para designar a los países que no pertenecían ..

Question 43

Maastrich Treatry

Answer 43

The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union or TEU) undertaken to integrate Europe was signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands.[1] On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty.[2] Upon its entry into force on 1 November 1993 during the Delors Commission,[3] it created the three pillars structure of the European Union and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro.

Question 44

ECLAC

Answer 44

The Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) -the Spanish acronym is CEPAL- was established by Economic and Social Council resolution 106(VI) of 25 February 1948 and began to function that same year. The scope of the Commission’s work was later broadened to include the countries of the Caribbean, and by resolution 1984/67 of 27 July 1984, the Economic Council decided to change its name to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); the Spanish acronym, CEPAL, remains unchanged.

Question 45

1989 revolutions

Answer 45

Las Revoluciones de 1989, también conocidas como El Otoño de las Naciones fue una ola revolucionaria que recorrió Europa central y oriental en el otoño de 1989, desencadenando el derrocamiento de los