the cognitive approach Flashcards
what is the definition of the cognitive approach?
an approach that focuses on how our mental processes (eg. thoughts, perceptions, attention) affect behaviour
what is the definition of internal mental processes?
‘private’ operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response
what is the definition of schema?
a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. they are developed from experience
what is the definition of inference?
the process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour
what is the definition of cognitive neuroscience?
the scientific study of the biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
assumptions of the cognitive approach
- argues that internal mental processes can, and should, be studied scientifically, in direct contrast to the behaviourist approach
- as a result, the cognitive approach has investigated areas of human behaviour that were neglected by behaviourists, such as memory, perception and thinking
- those processes are ‘private’ and cannot be observed, so cognitive psychologists study them indirectly by making inferences about what is going on inside people’s minds on the basis of their behaviour
what are the three underlying principles of the cognitive approach?
- our mental systems have a limited capacity: the amount of information we can process at any single time is limited, which gives us a limited mental capacity in the same way to how computers have a limited memory
- a control mechanism oversees all mental processes: for humans, this is the brain and the conscious mind, for computers this is a processor
- there is a two way flow of information: we take in information about the world, process it and then generate behaviour as an outcome
the role of the schema
- they act as a mental framework for the interpretation of incoming information received by the cognitive system
> eg. you have a schema for a chair - something with legs that you can sit on - schema enables us to process lots of information quickly and so prevents us from being overwhelmed by environmental stimuli
what are the 3 types of schema?
- role schema - contains information about people in certain roles eg. police, doctors
- event schema - contain information about events eg. placing an order in a cafe
- self schema - contains information about ourselves eg. skills and personality
how does the schema develop with age?
- as we get older, our schema becomes more detailed and sophisticated
- babies are born with simple motor schema for innate behaviours such as sucking and grasping
- adults have developed mental representation for everything eg. what happens in a restaurant or what a typical zombie looks like
negative things about schema
- schema may also distort our interpretations of sensory information, leading to perceptual errors
- contributes to prejudice, bias and stereotypes that are difficult to unlearn
what are theoretical and computer models used for?
they are used to help cognitive psychologists understand internal mental processes
what is the difference between theoretical models and computer models?
there are overlaps, but theoretical models are abstract whereas computer models are concrete things
important theoretical approach: information processing approach
- suggests information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages including: input, storage and retrieval
- based on the way that computers function but a computer model would involve actual programming to see if such instruction produce a similar output to humans
useful computational models
- useful computational models allow us to suggest that similar processes are going on in the human mind to that of a computer programme
- such computational models of the mind have proved useful in the development of artificial intelligence