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Physiology Exam 2 > The CNS > Flashcards

The CNS Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS consists of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

CNS receives input from ____ neurons, directs activity of ____ neurons, and ____ neurons maintain homeostasis in the internal environment.

A

Sensory; motor; association

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3
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Neuron cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS

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4
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelin; consists of axon tracts in the CNS

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5
Q

What is the largest portion of the brain and what is it responsible for?

A

Cerebrum (80% of mass) ; higher mental functions (value system, personality traits)

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6
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Major tract of axons that functionally interconnects RT and LT cerebral hemispheres
**small amount of people born without a corpus callosum (ex: Rain man basically had 2 brains)

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7
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Cognition, reasoning, thinking, moral/ethical center

**fMRIs of criminals: 60-70% shows a deformed frontal lobe

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8
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Speech

  • located in frontal lobe
  • stroke can cause impairment
  • *women’s Broca area is larger (go figure)
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9
Q

What is the cerebral cortex characterized by?

A

Numerous convolutions

  • gyri = elevated folds
  • sulci = depressed grooves
  • body regions with the greatest number of motor innervations are represented by largest areas of motor cortex
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10
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Perception of somasthetic sensation

  • Body regions with highest densities of receptors are represented by largest areas of sensory cortex
  • Sensation/perception, integrating sensory input
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11
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Interpretation and association of auditory and visual information

  • contain auditory centers that receive sensory fibers from cochlea
  • Sensory experiences, memory of visual and auditory patterns
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12
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Vision and coordination of eye movements

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13
Q

What is insula responsible for?

A
  • Implicated in memory encoding
  • Integration of sensory information with visceral responses
  • Coordinated cardiovascular response to stress
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14
Q

With what tests can the brain be visualized?

A

1) CT (computed tomography)
2) PET (positron-emission tomography)
3) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

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15
Q

What is a CT?

A

Complex computer manipulations of data obtained from x-ray absorption by tissues of different densities

  • Soft tissue
  • Shows you slices of the brain
  • To visualize tumors, aneurysm or encephalopathies
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16
Q

What is a PET?

A

Radioisotopes that emit positrons are injected into blood stream -> collision of positron and electron result in emission of gamma rays

  • Pinpoint brain cells that are most active
  • Brain metabolism, drug distribution
  • Maps the brain, a lot of radiation
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17
Q

What is an MRI?

A

Protons (H+) respond to magnetic field, which align the protons -> emit a radio-wave signal when stimulated

  • Brain function
  • fMRI (functional mRI) carefully, tediously used to create brain maps
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18
Q

What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

Measures synaptic potentials produced at cell bodies and dendrites

  • Create electrical currents
  • Used clinically to diagnose epilepsy and brain death
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19
Q

What are the 4 EEG patterns?

A

1) Alpha
2) Beta
3) Theta
4) Delta

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20
Q

Where is the EEG pattern alpha recorded?

A

From parietal and occipital regions

  • person is awake, relaxed, with eyes closed
  • 10-12 cycles/sec
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21
Q

Where is the EEG pattern beta recorded?

A

Strongest from frontal lobes near precentral gyrus

  • produced by visual stimuli and mental activity
  • evoked activity
  • 13-25 cycles/sec
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22
Q

Where is the EEG pattern theta recorded?

A

Emitted from temporal and occipital lobes

  • common in newborn
  • adult indicates severe emotional stress (i.e. in touro class of 2020)
  • 5-8 cycles/sec
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23
Q

Where is the EEG pattern delta recorded?

A

Emitted in a general pattern

  • common during sleep and awake infant
  • in awake adult indicates brain damage
  • 1-5 cycles/sec
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24
Q

What are the 2 types of EEG patterns during sleep?

A

1) REM (rapid eye movement): every 90 mins; dreams occur during this; low-amplitude, high-frequency oscillations; similar to wakefulness (beta waves); extremely important for CSF wash (cleans beta-amyloid plaques)
2) non-REM (resting): high-amplitude, low-frequency waves (delta waves); superimposed on these are sleep spindles (waxing and waning bursts of 7-14 cycles/sec; last for 1-3 sec)

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25
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

Masses of gray matter composed of neuronal cell bodies located deep within white matter

  • functions in the control of voluntary movements
  • also known as basal ganglia
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26
Q

What is cerebral lateralization?

A

Cerebral dominance (specialization of one hemisphere)

  • Left hemisphere: more adept in language and analytical problems (damage -> severe speech problems)
  • Right hemisphere: more adept at visuospatial tasks (damage -> difficulty finding way around house)
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27
Q

What 4 areas are involves in language?

A

1) Broca’s area
2) Wernicke’s area
3) Angular gyrus
4) Arcuate fasciculus

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28
Q

What part of language is Broca’s area involved in?

A

Articulation of speech

-damage -> comprehension of speech in unimpaired

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29
Q

What part of language is Wernicke’s area involved in?

A

Language comprehension

-damage -> language comprehension is destroyed, but speech is rapid without any meaning

30
Q

What part of language is Angular gyrus involved in?

A

Center of integration of auditory, visual and somathestic information
-damage -> aphasias

31
Q

What part of language is Arcuate fasciculus involved in?

A

To speak intelligibly, words originating in Wernicke’s area must be sent to Broca’s area
-Broca’s area sends fibers to the motor cortex which directly controls the musculature of speech

32
Q

What area are important in the neural basis of emotional states?

A

Hypothalamus and limbic system

33
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Group of forebrain nuclei and fiber tracts that form a ring around the brain stem
-center for basic emotional drives

34
Q

The limbic system functions as a ____ circuit.

A

Closed (Papez circuit)
-fornix connects hippocampus to hypothalamus, which projects to the thalamus which sends fibers back to the limbic system

35
Q

What is a mirror neuron?

A

When you see someone cry/laugh you want to do the same -> allows empathy
**Autistic people do not have these

36
Q

What areas are involved in aggression?

A

Amygdala and hypothalamus

37
Q

What areas are involved in fear?

A

Amygdala and hypothalamus

38
Q

What area is involved in feeding?

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

What areas are involved in sexual drive and behavior?

A

Hypothalamus and limbic system

40
Q

What areas are involved in goal directed behavior (reward and punishment)?

A

Hypothalamus and frontal cortex

41
Q

What area is a critical component of memory?

A

Hippocampus

42
Q

What area consolidates short term into long term memory?

A

Medial temporal lobe

43
Q

Acquisition of new information, facts and events requires what areas?

A

Hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

44
Q

What does long-term memory require?

A

Activation of genes, leading to protein synthesis and formation of new synaptic connections
-Altered postsynaptic growth of dendritic spines in area of contact

45
Q

What area stores factual information?

A

Cerebral cortex

  • Visual memories lateralized to left hemisphere
  • Visuospatial information lateralized to right hemisphere
46
Q

What area is involved in performing exact mathematical calculations?

A

Prefrontal lobes

-complex, problem-solving and planning activities

47
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Type of synaptic learning

-Synapses that are first stimulated at high frequency will subsequently exhibit increased excitability

48
Q

How does glutamate cause long-term potentiation in the hippocampus?

A
  • Requires activation of the NMDA receptors for glutamate -> glutamate and glycine or D-serine binding and partial depolarization are required for opening of channels for Ca2+ and Na+
  • May also involved presynaptic changes: binding of glutamate to NMDA receptors and simultaneous depolarization, open receptor channels for Ca2+ -> Ca2+ causes long-term potentiation in postsynaptic neuron, release of NO from postsynaptic neuron -> NO acts as a retrograde messenger, causing release of NT
49
Q

What are neural stem cells?

A

Cells that both renew themselves through mitosis and produce differentiated neurons and neuroglia

50
Q

Which area has been show to contain stem cells?

A

Hippocampus; required from long-term memory

51
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

Production of new neurons

-indirect evidence that links neurogenesis in hippocampus with learning and memory

52
Q

What info does the lateral geniculate nuclei relay?

A

Visual info (thalamus -> cerebrum)

53
Q

What info does the medial geniculate nuclei relay?

A

Auditory info (thalamus -> cerebrum)

54
Q

What info does the intralaminar nuclei relay?

A

Alertness and arousal from sleep (thalamus -> cerebrum)

-activated by many sensory modalities and projects to many areas

55
Q

What does the epithalmus contain?

A
  • Choroid plexus where CSF is formed

- Pineal gland which secretes melatonin

56
Q

What does the hypothalamus contain? What does it stimulate, produce and coordinate?

A

Neural centers for hunger, thirst, and body temp.

  • contributes to regulation of sleep, wakefulness, emotions, sexual arousal, anger, fear, pain and pleasure
  • stimulates hormonal release from anterior pituitary
  • produces ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin (from posterior pituitary) -> both stored in pituitary gland
  • coordinates sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes
57
Q

What is the posterior pituitary responsible for?

A

Storing and releasing ADH and oxytocin

58
Q

Hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that are transported to ______ pituitary.

A

Anterior

-regulate secretions of anterior hormones

59
Q

What does the anterior pituitary regulate?

A

Secretions of hormones of other endocrine glands

60
Q

What is the substantia nigra required for?

A
  • Required for motor coordination
  • Damaged in Parkinson’s
  • NT for this is Dopamine
  • In midbrain
61
Q

What is the pons important for?

A
  • Controls breathing (primitive)
  • Contains the apneustic and pneumotaxic respiratory centers
  • Necessary for motor movements
  • In hindbrain (metencephalon)
62
Q

What is the cerebellum necessary for?

A
  • Participates in coordination of movements
  • Necessary for motor learning, coordinating different joints during movements, and limb movements
  • In hindbrain
  • Receives input from proprioceptors
63
Q

What does the vasomotor center control?

A

Controls autonomic innervation of blood vessels

-in hindbrain

64
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Complex network of nuclei and nerve fivers within medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus
-Functions as the reticular activating system (RAS): nonspecific arousal of cerebral cortex to incoming sensory information

65
Q

What do ascending spinal tracts convey?

A

Convey sensory information from cutaneous receptors, proprioceptors and visceral receptors to cerebral cortex
-Sensory fiber tract decussation may occur in medulla or spinal cord

66
Q

What are the descending spinal tracts?

A
  • Corticospinal tracts (pyramidal): descend directly without synaptic interruption from cerebral cortex to spinal cord ; function in control of fine movements that require dexterity
  • Reticulospinal tracts (extrapyramidal): influence movement indirectly; gross motor movement
67
Q

Motor response to small muscles occurs in what tracts?

A

Anterior and lateral corticospinal tract

68
Q

Where do the cranial nerves arise from?

A
  • 2 pairs from neuron cell bodies in forebrain
  • 10 pairs from midbrain and hindbrain
  • Most are mixed nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers
69
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs grouped into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal

  • Mixed nerve that separated near the attachment of the nerve to spinal cord
  • Produces 2 roots to each nerve (dorsal root = sensory fibers; ventral root = motor fibers)
70
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Unconscious motor response to a sensory stimulus

  • Stimulation of sensory receptors evokes APs that are conducted into spinal cord -> synapses with association neuron, which synapses with somatic motor neuron
  • Conducts impulses to muscle and stimulates a reflex contaction
  • Brain is not directly involved!

Physiology Exam 2 (4 decks)

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