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Paper 3 > The Civil Rights Movement - Trouble at Home (1954-75). > Flashcards

The Civil Rights Movement - Trouble at Home (1954-75). Flashcards

1
Q

What does NAACP mean?

A

The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People

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2
Q

What does CORE mean?

A

Congress of Racial Equality

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3
Q

What does SNCC mean?

A

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

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4
Q

What does SCLC

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

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5
Q

What does the ‘Era of Consensus’ mean?

A

There was little debate about what it meant to be a modern American in the 1950s. It was a society run predominantly by white men.

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6
Q

What happened to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) between 1946 and 1960?

A

It more than doubled. This means that in no more than 20 years, everybody’s personal wealth more than doubled.

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7
Q

Why do we call the 1950s a ‘baby boom’?

A

Because more babies were born in the 1950s than in any other decade. A baby was born every 6.9 seconds.

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8
Q

By 1960, how many (white) Americans were living a ‘middle class’ standard of living?

A

60%.

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9
Q

What made the 1950s economic success different to previous periods.

A

It was enjoyed by people of all social classes rather than simply the rich getting richer. Average people were buying cars, dishwashers, going to the cinema, eating out at restaurants etc.

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10
Q

By 1960, what % of Americans had at least 1 car and what % had 2 or more?

A

80% of Americans had at least one car, 14% had two or more cars.

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11
Q

Who was Jim Crow and what were ‘Jim Crow laws’?

A

Jim Crow was a lazy black character played by a white comedian. Any law that promoted segregation of black and white Americans was known as a Jim Crow law.

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12
Q

When was slavery abolished in America?

A

1865.

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13
Q

What was a ‘negro crime’?

A

A negro crime was a black-on-black crime that was rarely, if ever, formally investigated by the police.

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14
Q

What was the outcome of the Plessy v. Ferguson case (1896)?

A

Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark case in the American Supreme Court regarding the issue of civil rights. Plessy was a black man that refused to move seats on a white train carriage. The court cases concluded that all public facilities should be ‘separate but equal.’

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15
Q

What was the outcome of the 1954 Brown v. Topeka case?

A

‘Separate but equal’ had no place in education.

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16
Q

Who was Autherine Lucy?

A

Autherine Lucy was the first black student at the University of Alabama.

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17
Q

What did President Eisenhower say regarding the events at Little Rock High?

A

President Eisenhower did not believe in forced desegregation He ordered State Trooper Faubus to remove troops from the Little Rock High school campus.

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18
Q

How many people attended the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A

20,000 people attended the boycott.

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19
Q

Why was the Montgomery Bus Boycott so successful?

A

Here are some factors that might need explaining: (I) The role of Martin Luther King, Jr.; (ii) The role of Rosa Parks; (iii) the solidarity of the black taxi drivers and their 10c rides; (iv) the media; (v) King’s pacifism; (vi) the MIA.

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20
Q

What were the outcomes of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A

A fully desegregated bus system.

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21
Q

What was the philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr.?

A

MLK’s philosophy was one of pacifism. He believed that the civil rights would achieve its aim through peaceful demonstration and through love. He knew that civil rights wouldn’t get better over night but had a ‘dream’ of peace and integration for the future generations.

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22
Q

What does ‘I have a dream’ represent?

A

MLK’s ‘I have a dream’, which was given during the March on Washington in 1963 represented MLK’s belief that the civil rights would not get better immediately. He accepted that blacks and white would not be equal in his lifetime but had a ‘dream’ that integration would flourish for future generations.

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23
Q

Why was pacifism an important element in the civil rights movement?

A

Pacifism was an important part of the civil rights movement because peaceful black protests showed the white population that African Americans were not thugs but rather commendable citizens of the United States that needed (and rightly deserved) equality.

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24
Q

In what river was the body of Emmet Till found?

A

The Tallahatchie river

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25
Q

Why did Emmet Till’s mother demand an open-casket funeral?

A

Emmet Till’s mother demanded an open-casket funeral so the world’s media could see the brutality with which Till was murdered. These images were sent all around the world (and to the north… of America…) and people were horrified with the state of civil rights in the south. It got massive publicity for the civil rights movement.

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26
Q

Who murdered Emmet Till?

A

Roy Bryant and J.M Miam

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27
Q

What did Roy Bryant and J.M Milam get for brutally murdering Emmet Till?

A

Even though they later admitted to shooting Till live on a TV show, neither Bryant nor Milam were arrested or charged for the murder of Emmet Till.

28
Q

What was a Dixiecrat? What did they believe in?

A

A Dixiecrat was a political faction of the Democratic Party in the ‘Deep South’ that believed in segregation by law and stressed that each individual state had a right to make its own laws, rather than passing general laws through the Supreme Court that would affect ALL states.

29
Q

What is a Filibuster?

A

a Filibuster is a prolonged political speech, which obstructs the passing of a bill into law.

30
Q

How long did Strom Thurmond’s Filibuster speech last?

A

24 hours and 18 minutes

31
Q

Against what was Strom Thurmond’s Filibuster delivered?

A

The 1957 Civil Rights Act

32
Q

What was a sit-in?

A

A pacifist political movement where African Americans sat in segregated ‘white only’ places until they were (usually) forcibly removed.

33
Q

How many black students were involved in the Greensboro sit-in?

A

4

34
Q

Where did the black students do their sit-in?

A

The four African American students sat in at the segregated lunch counter at Woolworths’ in Greensboro, North Carolina.

35
Q

How did the black sit-in students respond to the violence?

A

The four African American students remained passive throughout the protest. Even though many white people started becoming violent, the black protestors did not respond.

36
Q

What was the outcome of the Greensboro sit-in?

A

Downtown Greensboro became known as a violent area for a little while. Black people boycotted the stores because they felt that they were being unfairly treated. White people boycotted the stores because they did not feel safe.

37
Q

How many members (black? white?) were involved in the Freedom Riders

A

There were 13 members of the Freedom Riders movement. 7 black and six white.

38
Q

What was the main aim of the Freedom Riders?

A

Many souther states ignored the federal rulings that all bus systems should be desegregated and did nothing to stop the violence against African Americans. The Freedom Riders set off from Washington D.C. to New Orleans to test whether bus systems in the Deep South were actually desegregated or not.

39
Q

Who was James Meredith?

A

First African American student at the University of Mississippi.

40
Q

When did the March of Washington take place?

A

August 28th 1963

41
Q

Who suggested doing a peace march on Washington?

A

A. Phillip Randolf - a leading black civil rights activist

42
Q

How many demonstrators attended the March? How many were black? How many were white?

A

250,000 people attended. Roughly 50,000 people were white and the rest were African American.

43
Q

How many demonstrators attended the March? How many were black? How many were white?

A

250,000 people attended. Roughly 50,000 people were white and the rest were African American. The media coverage was HUGE! It drew more attention that Kennedy’s inauguration two years earlier.

44
Q

What song did Bob Dylan sing during the march? What was its meaning?

A

Bob Dylan sang ‘Just a Pawn in Their Game’ during the civil rights movement. It signified that black people were ‘pawns’ in a white persons game. They were still used, play around with and the most worthless character in society - just as pawns are worth the least in a game of chess.

45
Q

How many police officers were present during the march?

A

A total of 5,900 police officers were on duty. The government mustered 2,000 men from the National Guard, and brought in 3,000 outside soldiers to join the 1,000 already stationed in the area. These additional soldiers were flown in on helicopters from bases in Virginia and North Carolina. The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs. All of the forces involved were prepared to implement a coordinated conflict strategy named “Operation Steep Hill”.

46
Q

What did Kennedy do after the March on Washington?

A

Kennedy met and talked with civil rights leaders (including MLK) at the White House. Kennedy watched the I have a Dream speech on the TV and thoroughly enjoyed it.

47
Q

What was the aftermath of the march on Washington?

A

Congress abolished the poll tax for African Americans, and Congress put forward sweeping civil rights and voting rights laws.

48
Q

What was the Alabama demonstration known as?

A

The March on Birmingham

49
Q

What was the population of Birmingham, Alabama? How many were black?

A

350,000 - 40% were black

50
Q

What were four key points from MLK’s ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’?

A
  • MLK preaches the connection of all humans regardless of race
  • He writes philosophically about justice and how segregation in fundamentally unjust
  • There is now a need to move away from moderation and towards extremism in our campaigns.
  • A call for individual action
51
Q

How did King utilise children in the demonstrations after he was released from prison?

A

MLK made children active in the demonstration (and sometimes fighting) in the hope that white police officers would not be violent towards minors.

52
Q

How many children were arrested by Police Chief Connor?

A

More than 600 children and students were arrested… This does not include adults.

53
Q

What did this event help to bring about?

A

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

54
Q

What was the Freedom Summer of 1964?

A

This was a voter registration project, which aimed to dramatically increase voter registration in Mississippi.

55
Q

How many volunteers were there for the Freedom Summer?

A

More than 1,000 - they also often faced much abuse from white KKK members.

56
Q

Where is Selma?

A

Selma is in Alabama

57
Q

Why was there a protest at Selma? What were they protesting against?

A

There was a protest march from Selma to Montgomery foot march to raise awareness of voting rights for black Africans.

58
Q

How many people protested at Selma?

A

By March 25 1965, there were around 25,000 protestors at Selma.

59
Q

What happened to the protestors at Selma?

A

Police officers threw tear gas at the protestors and attacked them with club and electric cattle prods.

60
Q

What was the impact of the assassination of President Kennedy on the Civil Rights Act?

A

The Civil Rights Act was seen as President Kennedy’s legacy. It was not passed before he was assassinated in 1963. The American public wanted to make sure that the Civil Rights Act was passed in homage to the late President.

61
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act (1964) do?

A
  • banned discrimination in voter registration tests
  • banned discrimination in public spaces
  • banned job discrimination - set up Equal Opportunities Commission
  • Gave the Government power for forced school desegregation
  • Gave the Government the right to remove federal; funding from state projects
62
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act (1965) do?

A
  • Federal officials to run voter registration in any state and in all state where under 50% of those qualified to vote were registered
63
Q

What were the main differences between President Kennedy and President Johnson in the civil rights movement?

A

They both appointed black people to high level official jobs; however, Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act (1964) whereas Kennedy was assassinated before he was able to make it law. AND whilst Kennedy pressed for official escorts for the Freedom Riders to protect their safety, Johnson pressed Southern politicians to support the Civil Rights Act.

64
Q

Why was President Jonson elected President of the United States?

A

Johnson was Vice-President for President Kennedy. When a President is killed or assassinated, the Vice President is automatically sworn in as the new President without an election.

65
Q

What was Malcolm X’s real name when he was born?

A

Malcolm Little.

66
Q

Why did Malcolm’s family have to move home several times.

A

Malcolm X’s family had to move home several times because white extremists kept attacking the family and firebombing their home.

67
Q

What happened to Malcolm X’s parents?

A

Malcolm X’s dad was murdered (likely by white extremists) and his mother was moved to a mental hospital as she had a breakdown after the murder of her husband.

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