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History > The Civil Rights Movement > Flashcards

The Civil Rights Movement Flashcards

1
Q

How was the army segregated?

A

African Americans served in separate military units to whites.

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2
Q

When were two examples that African Americans distinguished themselves in war?

A

Battle of the Bulge (Belgium) in 1944 and Iwo Jima (Japan) in 1945.

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3
Q

Why were no African Americans awarded the medal of honour?

A

Due to racism

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4
Q

What were some concessions made for the sake of military efficiency?

A

African Americans were admitted to the Marine Corps for the first time and the first African-American fighter pilots flew combat missions.

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5
Q

What did Truman do in terms of the army?

A

He ended segregation in the armed forces in 1948.

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6
Q

Why was the war ridiculous in terms of African Americans?

A

They were fighting for freedom abroad but they returned to a society in which they were oppressed and discriminated against.

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7
Q

What executive order did President Roosevelt sign in 1941?

A

An executive order which banned racial discrimination in defence industries.

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8
Q

What did the executive order signed by President Roosevelt lead to?

A

Race riots broke out in the industrial city of Detroit in 1943 during which 25 African Americans and 9 white Americans were killed.

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9
Q

In which part of the USA was segregation enforced by law?

A

The South.

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10
Q

What was the Ku Klux Klan?

A

A secret organisation that believed in white supremacy and used violence to intimidate African Americans. It had declined in popularity by the 1940s but it was still active and many people shared its beliefs.

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11
Q

What was NAACP?

A

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People. It was founded in 1909 and it funded court cases that challenged discrimination.

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12
Q

What was CORE?

A

The Congress of Racial Equality. It was founded in 1942 and it was dedicated to non-violent protest.

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13
Q

What was SCLC?

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference. It was founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King and Ralph Abernathy, it used the churches’ strength for protests.

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14
Q

What was SNCC?

A

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. It was formed in 1960.

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15
Q

What did the USA’s Declaration of Independence and Consitution promise?

A

It promised all citizens certain rights including equal protection from the law.

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16
Q

What were the ways in which people tried to gain civil rights for African Americans?

A

One strategy was to appeal back to these iconic American documents, orchestrate non-violent protests like marches, sit-ins and freedom rides.

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17
Q

What was the ruling of the Brown Vs Board of Education of Topeka?

A

Racial segregation in state schools is unconstitutional.

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18
Q

When was the Brown Vs Board of Education of Topeka?

A

1954

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19
Q

Why was the government obliged to intervene when the constitution of racial segregation in state schools was contradicted by local state law?

A

The Constitution is the highest law of the land.

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20
Q

What happened at Little Rock high school?

A

President Eisenhower ordered 1000 paratroopers to the Central High School campus at Little Rock in Arkansas to enforce the admission of nine African-American pupils in the face of local mob violence.

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21
Q

When did the Little Rock incident occur?

A

1957

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22
Q

What happened with James Meredith?

A

He was an African American who had to have the protection of federal troops as he registered as a student at the University of Mississippi.

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23
Q

When did the James Meredith situation occur?

A

1962

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24
Q

In most cases, who was it that backed public support for segregation and did all he could to defy the federal authorities?

A

The state governor.

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25
Q

What happened to Rosa Parks?

A

In 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and as a result, she got arrested.

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26
Q

What was the result of what happened to Rosa Parks?

A

Black Ministers led by Martin Luther King organised a bus boycott in protest.

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27
Q

How did African Americans boycott the buses?

A

The walked to work or shared cars for a year.

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28
Q

When did the boycott end?

A

When the Supreme Court finally ruled that Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

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29
Q

What did the act in 1957 create?

A

A Civil Rights Commission to investigate the obstruction of voting rights.

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30
Q

What did the 1960 act do?

A

It increased record-keeping and supervision of voting procedures.

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31
Q

How were peaceful methods of protesting effective?

A

They gained publicity and sympathy for the cause.

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32
Q

What happened in Greensboro, North Carolina?

A

In 1960, four African American students started a series of sit-ins at segregated lunch counters at Woolworths.

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33
Q

What was the result of the sit-ins?

A

These protests spread and some succeeded in forcing the desegregation of facilities.

34
Q

What were Freedom Rides?

A

They were organised by SNCC and CORE, they saw groups of African Americans and White Americans sitting together on bus trips into the South.

35
Q

When did Freedom Rides occur?

A

1961

36
Q

What was the reaction of the Freedom Rides like?

A

It was violent. things such as the burning of buses took place in the South.

37
Q

Why did President Kennedy give limited support to African Americans?

A

He didn’t want to alienate Southern white voters.

38
Q

When did King and the SCLC organise protests in Birmingham, Alabama?

A

1963

39
Q

What happened at the Birmingham march?

A

Protesters were met by police with fire hoses, truncheons and police dogs.

40
Q

What did the media do at the Birmingham march?

A

They took pictures of the harsh treatment of the protesters and published them. This gained support for their cause.

41
Q

What was the result of the Birmingham march?

A

King and hundreds of others were jailed but in the end the Birmingham authorities gave way and agreed some concessions.

42
Q

When did President Kennedy come to power?

A

1961

43
Q

What march took place in August, 1963?

A

Washington

44
Q

What happened at the Washington march?

A

Martin Luther King gave his ‘I have a dream…’ speech.

45
Q

When was president Kennedy assassinated?

A

1963

46
Q

What did president Kennedy’s assassination mean?

A

His Civil Rights Bill had still not been passed and he was replaced by president Johnson.

47
Q

When was the Civil Rights Act introduced?

A

1964

48
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act allow for?

A

It empowered the federal government to enforce desegregation in all public places.

49
Q

What was ‘Freedom Summer’ in 1964?

A

When thousands of student volunteers spent vacations in Mississippi in a drive for voter registration. Three of these students were murdered.

50
Q

When was Martin Luther King awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?

A

1964

51
Q

When did the march in Selma, Alabama occur?

A

1965

52
Q

How were the protesters treated?

A

The police used clubs and tear gas on the protesters. The brutality was televised.

53
Q

What was the result of the police’s reaction?

A

Martin Luther King decided to lead a march through Alabama from Selma to Montgomery.

54
Q

What happened in August, 1965?

A

People were killed in the Watts district of Los Angeles.

55
Q

When did the 8 day Detroit riot take place?

A

July 1967

56
Q

When was Martin Luther King assassinated?

A

1968

57
Q

What was one problem that the 1964 Civil Rights Act had not dealt with?

A

Discrimination in housing

58
Q

Why did the government not provide support to MLK when he went to Chicago in 1966 to deal with housing?

A

President Johnson was angered at the ingratitude of the black leaders who had criticised his Vietnam War policy.

59
Q

What was the result of MLK’s assassination?

A

Congress passed an effective Civil Rights Act for housing which triggered many riots.

60
Q

Who was Malcolm X?

A

He was an African American Muslim who rejected integration and non-violence.

61
Q

What was the Nation of Islam?

A

The African American separatist organisation.

62
Q

When did Malcolm X leave the Nation of Islam?

A

1964

63
Q

When was Malcolm X assassinated?

A

1965

64
Q

Who was the chairman of SNCC in 1966?

A

Stokely Carmichael.

65
Q

What happened under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael?

A

He expelled the white members of SNCC and he popularised the ‘Black Power’ slogan.

66
Q

What was the result of the Newark killings?

A

A Black Power conference passed resolutions calling for a separate African American nation and militia.

67
Q

What was the Black Panther Party?

A

It was an organisation founded in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.

68
Q

What would the Black Panthers do?

A

They wore uniforms and went on armed patrol, claiming to defend African Americans from police violence. They also carried out programmes of education and healthcare for African Americans.

69
Q

What was the preferential hiring policy?

A

When president Johnson sought to combat the under-representation of African Americans in many areas of employment.

70
Q

What did the set-aside programme do?

A

It guaranteed that a proportion of government contracts would be awarded to ethnic minority owned firms.

71
Q

What were the attempts made to integrate schools during the 1970s?

A

‘Busing’ children from different areas to make sure schools were ethnically mixed.

72
Q

What did the attempts made in the 1970s cause?

A

It caused much resistance, many white Americans moved out to the suburbs or put their children in private schools to avoid it.

73
Q

What did two African American athletes do that had won medals at the Mexico olympics in 1968?

A

When the national anthem played, they bowed their heads and gave the Black Power Salute in protest of the racism and hardship suffered by African Americans back home.

74
Q

What happened to the two athletes?

A

They were thrown out of the olympic team and sent home, reaction in the USA was largely negative.

75
Q

Who was Linda Brown?

A

The girl in the Brown Vs Board of Education of Topeka who campaigned for herself to be able to go to the local school which only had white students in it.

76
Q

Why were the bus boycotts successful?

A

The bus company lost vast amounts of money and it desegregated the buses in the state.

77
Q

Why were the bus boycotts unsuccessful?

A

MLK was arrested, their alternative was made illegal, churches and homes were set on fire and racially integrated buses were shot at.

78
Q

What does MIA stand for?

A

Montgomery Improvement Association.

79
Q

What was the aim of the Washington march?

A

To convince congress to support civil rights.

80
Q

Why did president Kennedy originally oppose the Washington march?

A

He said it would give those against the Civil Rights Bill a chance to say they wouldn’t be forced to vote for it by public pressure.

81
Q

What happened when the leaders refused to cancel the Washington march?

A

President Kennedy gave his support to the march but also tried to control the route and the people who spoke.

82
Q

When was the Voting Rights Act passed?

A

1965

History (12 decks)

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