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Principles - Anatomy > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems that make up the circulatory system?

A

Cardiovascular and lymph

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2
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

Distribution of gases and other molecules
Chemical signalling
Thermoregulation
Mediate inflammation and host defence responses

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3
Q

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

A

Arteries
Heart
Veins

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4
Q

What are the two main circulations of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

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5
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in pulmonary circulation?

A

Right ventricle to lungs to left atrium

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6
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in systemic circulation?

A

Left ventricle to capillary beds of organs and tissues to right atrium

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7
Q

What is the direction of blood flow starting at the right atrium?

A 
RA
RV
Lungs
LA
LV
Body
RA
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8
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

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9
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

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10
Q

Which artery carries blood away from the left ventricle?

A

Aorta

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11
Q

Which artery carries blood away from the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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12
Q

Which vein carries blood to the left atrium?

A

4 pulmonary veins

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13
Q

Which vein carries blood to the right atrium?

A

Superior and inferior vena cavae

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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15
Q

Where are the layers of the heart located?

A

Epicardium is external
Myocardium is middle
Endocardium is internal

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16
Q

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest later of muscle?

A

Left ventricle

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17
Q

Which chamber of the heart forms the posterior surface of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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18
Q

Which chamber of the heart forms the most anterior surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

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19
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

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20
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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21
Q

Where is the mitral valve located?

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

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22
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

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23
Q

What is the route of electrical conduction in the heart?

A

Starts in the SA node - both atria contract
Travels ot AV node
Travels down right and left bindles in inter ventricular septum
Spreads out to myocardium through connecting fibres - both ventricles contract

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24
Q

What are the three layers of most blood vessels from internal to external?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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25
Q

What are each of the three layers of most blood vessels made of?

A

Tunica intima - endothelium
Media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Adventitia - connective tissue

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26
Q

What shape are the lumens of arteries and veins?

A

A - round

V - Squashed

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27
Q

Do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated

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28
Q

What do arteries split into?

A

Branches

29
Q

What is it called when an artery divides into 2 or 3?

A

Bi or trifurcation

30
Q

What is the region of the body supplied by a single artery and its branches called?

A

Territory

31
Q

Are arteries typically located deeper or closer to the surface than veins?

A

Deeper

32
Q

Which terms indicate that an artery will definitely divide again?

A

Common

Trunk

33
Q

What are vasodilation and contraction?

A

Relaxation/constriction of the smooth muscle and widening of the lumen to increase/reduce blood flow to the organ or tissue supplied

34
Q

What is sympathetic tone?

A

Background low level contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

35
Q

What are the effects of increasing or decreasing sympathetic tone?

A

Increasing - further constrict

Decreasing - further dilate

36
Q

Why would vasodilation of arterioles occur?

A

Reduce blood flow following an injury

37
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Arteries connect without an intervening capillary network to provide an alternative route for blood to flow when a blockage occurs

38
Q

What is a collateral circulation?

A

An alternative route in an anastomosis

39
Q

What is the disadvantage of anastomosis?

A

Collaterals bleed from both sides of a cut

40
Q

What is an end artery?

A

The only arterial blood supply so a given area of the body

41
Q

What does an untreated occlusion of an end artery result in?

A

Infarction of its territory

42
Q

What does infarction mean?

A

Irreversible cell death due to hypoxia (lack of oxygen)

43
Q

What is elastic recoil for?

A

To maintain peripheral flow when the heart relaxes

44
Q

What are the four parts of the aorta in order?

A

Ascending aorta
Arch of the aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta

45
Q

How many branches does the ascending aorta have and what are they called?

A

2
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery

46
Q

How many branches does the arch of the aorta have and what are they called from left to right?

A

3
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

47
Q

How many branches does the thoracic aorta have?

A

Numerous

48
Q

How many branches does the abdominal artery have?

A

3 unpaired midline branches

3 paired, bilateral branches

49
Q

What is the order of the changing name of the upper limb’s artery?

A

Subclavian artery
Auxillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial/Ulnar artery

50
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

De-oxygenated

51
Q

Are veins or arteries pulsatile?

A

Arteries

52
Q

Are veins or arteries high pressure?

A

Arteries

53
Q

Do veins or arteries have valves?

A

Veins

54
Q

What is venous blood pumped back to the heart by?

A

Venous valves
Skeletal muscle pump
Accompanying veins

55
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump

A

Contraction of skeletal muscles in the lower limb

56
Q

How do accompanying veins pump blood back towards the heart?

A

Small veins run in pairs or more with an artery.

The arterial pulsations push venous blood along

57
Q

What are the two sets of veins?

A

Superficial

Deep

58
Q

What are the two main venous systems?

A

Hepatic portal venous system

Systemic venous system

59
Q

Where does the hepatic portal venous system drain venous blood from and to?

A

Absorptive parts of the GI tract to the liver

60
Q

Where does the systemic venous system drain venous blood from and to?

A

All organs other than the GI tract to the superior/inferior vena cavae

61
Q

What are capillaries lined by?

A

A single layer of epithelium

62
Q

What can flow through a capillary?

A

One red blood cell at a time

63
Q

What do capillaries allow for exchange of?

A

Gases
Metabolites
Waste products

64
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries collect?

A

Tissue fluid/lymph fluid

65
Q

When is tissue fluid called lymph fluid?

A

Once it is in the lymphatic capillaries

66
Q

Where do lymphatics carry lymph through and what do these contain?

A

Lymph nodes

White blood cells to filter foreign particles and fight infection

67
Q

Where is lymph returned to?

A

The central veins in the root of the neck

68
Q

Where does the right/left lymphatic duct drain lymph into?

A

The right/left venous angle

69
Q

What do superficial lymphatics drain into?

A

Deep lymphatics

Principles - Anatomy (2 decks)

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