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Principles - Anatomy > The Circulatory system > Flashcards

The Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

The Aorta has __ parts and many ________ which supplies the whole body

A

4

branches

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3
Q

4 parts of the Aorta

A
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4
Q

The elastic recoil of the aorta’s elastic walls helps to maintain ______________ during the __________ of the heart (______).

A

blood pressure

rest period

diastole

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5
Q

Veins “______” a territory (e.g. the renal veins _____ the kidneys)

A

drain x 2

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6
Q

What is Sympathetic tone?

A

Background, low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

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7
Q

An end artery is the _____ arterial blood supply to a given area of the body (there are no collaterals)

A

only

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8
Q

When speaking in terms of Arteries, distal means?

A

away from heart

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9
Q

normal lymph nodes cannot usually be _________ (felt beneath the examining doctors fingertips)

A

palpated

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10
Q

Anastomoses provide ____________ for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an _____________ (blockage)

A

alternative routes

arterial occlusion

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11
Q

Where are the tight junctions in the Blood brain barrier?

A

between brain capillary endothelial cells

(brain capillaries are not leaky)

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12
Q

The Carotid body (also supplied by ______) monitors _______________

A

CN IX

blood gas levels/pH

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13
Q

Veins have merging _________ (like a river)

A

tributaries

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14
Q

Infarction means ___________ due to ______ (lack of oxygen) caused by loss of _________ supply

A

irreversible cell death

hypoxia

arterial blood

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15
Q

One disadvantage of collaterals is that

A

they will bleed from both sides of a cut

so haemorrhage can be worse

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16
Q

The Carotid sinus is Innervated by the _____________ nerve (_____)

A

glossopharyngeal

CN IX

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17
Q

Veins have a ___________ flow i.e. not “pumped” by the heart (the exception being the ________ Pulse)

A

Non-pulsatile

Jugular Venous

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18
Q

Venous blood is “pumped” back towards the heart by:

A

– venous valves, present in limb veins to ensure unidirectional flow back to the heart against gravity

– Contraction of skeletal muscles in the lower limb (“skeletal muscle pump”)

– Accompanying veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath. (Artery pulsation pushes venous blood along)

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19
Q

What is Vasconstriction?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied

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20
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21
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22
Q

Where are the astrocytes in the Blood brain barrier?

A

(support cell) it’s processes surround the brain capillaries

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23
Q

What causes Sympathetic tone?

A

The tonic (continuous) conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

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24
Q

Arterial flow is “_______” due to cardiac pump – (Can take the “pulse” by ________ an artery against _____)

A

pulsatile

compressing

bone

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25
Q

Why do arteries often run a “tortuous” (snake-like) “course”

A

helps to prevent over-stretching/tearing

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26
Q

Arteries are often named (usually on _______ location or ________)

A

anatomical

destination

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27
Q

__________ in the walls of arterioles (& some arteries called muscular arteries) can _______ to _______ the vessel’s lumen:

A

Smooth muscle

contract

narrow

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28
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29
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30
Q

Untreated ________ of an end artery results in ___________ of its territory

A

occlusion

infarction

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31
Q

The Blood Brain Barrier contains?

A

Tight Junctions

Astrocytes

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32
Q

How can you limit blood loss at the scene of an injury?

A

by pressing on a pulse point proximal to the injury

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

At rest the bodies veins contain ______% of the _______________ volume

A

60-80

circulating blood

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35
Q

What does Trifircation mean?

A

Splits into 3

36
Q
A
37
Q

____________ outflow travel to ___________ chains running the length of _____________.

A

Thoracolumbar

sympathetic

vertebral column

38
Q

The Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System + Lymphatic system)

A
39
Q

What is Vasodilation?

A

Relaxation of the smooth muscle and widening of the lumen to increase blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied

40
Q
A
41
Q

Only __ to __ segments of the spinal cord pass into all spinal nerves (anterior and posterior rami)

They ‘________’

Supply: _________, ___________, ________

Pass into ___________ to eventually supply organs

A

T1 to L2

Hitch a ride

sweat glands

arrector muscles

arterioles

splanchnic nerves

42
Q

Sympathetic tone

A
43
Q
A
44
Q

When speaking in terms of Arteries, proximal means?

A

Close to the heart

45
Q

The Carotid Sinus is the most ________ part of the ________ carotid artery

A

proximal

internal

46
Q

In the case of the brain, Anastomoses can help to prevent a ___________ accident (__________)

A

cerebrovascular

CVA/Stroke

47
Q
A
48
Q

Arteries are usually located ______ than veins (helps _______ chance of more serious haemorrhage)

A

deeper

reduce

49
Q

Lymphatics carry lymph through ________.

A

lymph nodes

50
Q

Arteries give rise to “_______” – To supply their “_______”

A

branches

territory

51
Q
A
52
Q

Why are there usually more severe consequences of haemorrhage from an artery than an equivalent sized vein?

A

High intraluminal pressures

Carries oxygenated blood (“arterial blood”)

Flow is “pulsatile” due to cardiac pump

53
Q

Elastic fibres permit ________ of the aorta to accommodate the _______________________________ (______) and ________ the pressure change.

A

expansion

blood forced into it during cardiac contraction

systole

minimise

54
Q

All the systemic arterial blood enters the _____ first

Receives blood at high pressure during ______ (when the heart beats)

Its elastic walls ______ under this pressure

Elastic recoil maintains _________ flow when the heart ________ (during diastole)

A

aorta

systole

expand

peripheral

relaxes

55
Q

Veins contain ____________ blood (_______ blood)

A

Deoxygenated

venous

56
Q

The Vascular System

A
57
Q

The BBB is weakend by?

A

brain injury

inflammation

neoplasia

58
Q

What does Bifircation mean?

A

Splits into 2

59
Q
A
60
Q

Arteries have _________________ (>120/80mmHg)

A

high intraluminal pressures

61
Q

Veins are a ____ pressure system

A

Low

62
Q

Veins contain a thin layer of __________ in their walls. These can _______ to _______ venous capacity and return blood to the arterial side of the circulation (e.g. in haemorrhage)

A

smooth muscle

contract

reduce

63
Q

Lymphatic capillaries collect _________ (the fluid that normally leaks out when blood flows through capillary beds)

A

tissue fluid

64
Q

a doctor needs to know the ____________ that ______ takes when draining from an ______ towards the __________ or __________ so that they can assess whether the ________ along that route have become involved by any ________ process affecting the organ

A

anatomical route

lymph

organ

right lymphatic

thoracic ducts

lymph nodes

disease

65
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q

Carotid sinus senses ___________ (__________) by detecting ________ of the walls of the carotid sinus (i.e. beat to beat changes in _______________)

A

blood pressure

baroreceptor

stretching

arterial blood pressure

68
Q

In the head and neck, ___________ __________ axons travel along ________.

A

postganglionic

sympathetic

arteries

69
Q

Lymph nodes contain ___________ to filter out foreign particles and fight _________)

A

white blood cells

infection/cancer

70
Q

Once in the lymphatic capillaries the tissue fluid is called _______.

A

lymph

71
Q

Each alternative route in any given anastomosis is called a “_________”

A

collateral

72
Q

Veins often run in a _____________ with arteries of the same names

A

neurovascular bundle (NVB)

73
Q

Arteries are often part of a _________, consisting of an _____, _____ and ______.

A

neurovascular bundle

artery

vein

nerve

74
Q

Eventually lymph is returned into the ________ in the _____________.

A

central veins

root of the neck

75
Q

What is a territory in regards to Arteries?

A

the body region/organ supplied by an artery & its branches

76
Q

Lymph nodes fighting ________ or being taken over by a spreading ________ usually ________ and can then be ________ or seen on a ______ scan.

A

infection

cancer

enlarge

palpated

CT

77
Q

Arteries connect with each other ______ an intervening capillary network

A

without

78
Q

________________ is an important example of an “anastomosis”

A

Circle of Willis

79
Q

Arteries carry ________ blood (“_______ blood”)

A

oxygenated

arterial

80
Q

The Carotid sinus is an excellent place to monitor the blood supply to?

A

The Brain

81
Q

________ are found in the walls of the ______, most ______ (nearest to the heart) arteries (e.g. the aorta)

A

Elastic fibres

largest

proximal

82
Q

Two Neuron Chain

A
83
Q

Arteriolar ____________________ can help to _____________ following an injury (the vessel is said to be in “_____”)

A

smooth muscle contraction

reduce blood loss

spasm

84
Q

What two terms indicate that the named artery will definitely divide again?

A

“trunk” (e.g. celiac trunk)

“common” (e.g. common iliac artery)

85
Q

What effect do tight junctions and astrocytes have in the BBB?

A

prevent the diffusion of some substances from capillary into brain tissue e.g. some antibiotics (nanotechnology may help??)

86
Q
A
87
Q

The Cardiovascular System

A

Principles - Anatomy (13 decks)

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