The Circulatory system Flashcards
The Aorta has __ parts and many ________ which supplies the whole body
4
branches
4 parts of the Aorta
The elastic recoil of the aorta’s elastic walls helps to maintain ______________ during the __________ of the heart (______).
blood pressure
rest period
diastole
Veins “______” a territory (e.g. the renal veins _____ the kidneys)
drain x 2
What is Sympathetic tone?
Background, low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles
An end artery is the _____ arterial blood supply to a given area of the body (there are no collaterals)
only
When speaking in terms of Arteries, distal means?
away from heart
normal lymph nodes cannot usually be _________ (felt beneath the examining doctors fingertips)
palpated
Anastomoses provide ____________ for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an _____________ (blockage)
alternative routes
arterial occlusion
Where are the tight junctions in the Blood brain barrier?
between brain capillary endothelial cells
(brain capillaries are not leaky)
The Carotid body (also supplied by ______) monitors _______________
CN IX
blood gas levels/pH
Veins have merging _________ (like a river)
tributaries
Infarction means ___________ due to ______ (lack of oxygen) caused by loss of _________ supply
irreversible cell death
hypoxia
arterial blood
One disadvantage of collaterals is that
they will bleed from both sides of a cut
so haemorrhage can be worse
The Carotid sinus is Innervated by the _____________ nerve (_____)
glossopharyngeal
CN IX
Veins have a ___________ flow i.e. not “pumped” by the heart (the exception being the ________ Pulse)
Non-pulsatile
Jugular Venous
Venous blood is “pumped” back towards the heart by:
– venous valves, present in limb veins to ensure unidirectional flow back to the heart against gravity
– Contraction of skeletal muscles in the lower limb (“skeletal muscle pump”)
– Accompanying veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath. (Artery pulsation pushes venous blood along)
What is Vasconstriction?
Contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied
Where are the astrocytes in the Blood brain barrier?
(support cell) it’s processes surround the brain capillaries
What causes Sympathetic tone?
The tonic (continuous) conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves
Arterial flow is “_______” due to cardiac pump – (Can take the “pulse” by ________ an artery against _____)
pulsatile
compressing
bone
Why do arteries often run a “tortuous” (snake-like) “course”
helps to prevent over-stretching/tearing
Arteries are often named (usually on _______ location or ________)
anatomical
destination
__________ in the walls of arterioles (& some arteries called muscular arteries) can _______ to _______ the vessel’s lumen:
Smooth muscle
contract
narrow
Untreated ________ of an end artery results in ___________ of its territory
occlusion
infarction
The Blood Brain Barrier contains?
Tight Junctions
Astrocytes
How can you limit blood loss at the scene of an injury?
by pressing on a pulse point proximal to the injury
At rest the bodies veins contain ______% of the _______________ volume
60-80
circulating blood
What does Trifircation mean?
Splits into 3
____________ outflow travel to ___________ chains running the length of _____________.
Thoracolumbar
sympathetic
vertebral column
The Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System + Lymphatic system)
What is Vasodilation?
Relaxation of the smooth muscle and widening of the lumen to increase blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied
Only __ to __ segments of the spinal cord pass into all spinal nerves (anterior and posterior rami)
They ‘________’
Supply: _________, ___________, ________
Pass into ___________ to eventually supply organs
T1 to L2
Hitch a ride
sweat glands
arrector muscles
arterioles
splanchnic nerves
Sympathetic tone
When speaking in terms of Arteries, proximal means?
Close to the heart
The Carotid Sinus is the most ________ part of the ________ carotid artery
proximal
internal
In the case of the brain, Anastomoses can help to prevent a ___________ accident (__________)
cerebrovascular
CVA/Stroke
Arteries are usually located ______ than veins (helps _______ chance of more serious haemorrhage)
deeper
reduce
Lymphatics carry lymph through ________.
lymph nodes
Arteries give rise to “_______” – To supply their “_______”
branches
territory
Why are there usually more severe consequences of haemorrhage from an artery than an equivalent sized vein?
High intraluminal pressures
Carries oxygenated blood (“arterial blood”)
Flow is “pulsatile” due to cardiac pump
Elastic fibres permit ________ of the aorta to accommodate the _______________________________ (______) and ________ the pressure change.
expansion
blood forced into it during cardiac contraction
systole
minimise
All the systemic arterial blood enters the _____ first
Receives blood at high pressure during ______ (when the heart beats)
Its elastic walls ______ under this pressure
Elastic recoil maintains _________ flow when the heart ________ (during diastole)
aorta
systole
expand
peripheral
relaxes
Veins contain ____________ blood (_______ blood)
Deoxygenated
venous
The Vascular System
The BBB is weakend by?
brain injury
inflammation
neoplasia
What does Bifircation mean?
Splits into 2
Arteries have _________________ (>120/80mmHg)
high intraluminal pressures
Veins are a ____ pressure system
Low
Veins contain a thin layer of __________ in their walls. These can _______ to _______ venous capacity and return blood to the arterial side of the circulation (e.g. in haemorrhage)
smooth muscle
contract
reduce
Lymphatic capillaries collect _________ (the fluid that normally leaks out when blood flows through capillary beds)
tissue fluid
a doctor needs to know the ____________ that ______ takes when draining from an ______ towards the __________ or __________ so that they can assess whether the ________ along that route have become involved by any ________ process affecting the organ
anatomical route
lymph
organ
right lymphatic
thoracic ducts
lymph nodes
disease
Carotid sinus senses ___________ (__________) by detecting ________ of the walls of the carotid sinus (i.e. beat to beat changes in _______________)
blood pressure
baroreceptor
stretching
arterial blood pressure
In the head and neck, ___________ __________ axons travel along ________.
postganglionic
sympathetic
arteries
Lymph nodes contain ___________ to filter out foreign particles and fight _________)
white blood cells
infection/cancer
Once in the lymphatic capillaries the tissue fluid is called _______.
lymph
Each alternative route in any given anastomosis is called a “_________”
collateral
Veins often run in a _____________ with arteries of the same names
neurovascular bundle (NVB)
Arteries are often part of a _________, consisting of an _____, _____ and ______.
neurovascular bundle
artery
vein
nerve
Eventually lymph is returned into the ________ in the _____________.
central veins
root of the neck
What is a territory in regards to Arteries?
the body region/organ supplied by an artery & its branches
Lymph nodes fighting ________ or being taken over by a spreading ________ usually ________ and can then be ________ or seen on a ______ scan.
infection
cancer
enlarge
palpated
CT
Arteries connect with each other ______ an intervening capillary network
without
________________ is an important example of an “anastomosis”
Circle of Willis
Arteries carry ________ blood (“_______ blood”)
oxygenated
arterial
The Carotid sinus is an excellent place to monitor the blood supply to?
The Brain
________ are found in the walls of the ______, most ______ (nearest to the heart) arteries (e.g. the aorta)
Elastic fibres
largest
proximal
Two Neuron Chain
Arteriolar ____________________ can help to _____________ following an injury (the vessel is said to be in “_____”)
smooth muscle contraction
reduce blood loss
spasm
What two terms indicate that the named artery will definitely divide again?
“trunk” (e.g. celiac trunk)
“common” (e.g. common iliac artery)
What effect do tight junctions and astrocytes have in the BBB?
prevent the diffusion of some substances from capillary into brain tissue e.g. some antibiotics (nanotechnology may help??)
The Cardiovascular System
