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SBI3U > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system (transport system)

A

Carry nutrients to cells / waste away
Transport hormones/enzymes from cells in one part of body to another
Allow transport of immune cells throughout body

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2
Q

What makes up the circulatory system

A

Blood vessel
Heart (brain of the system)
Blood

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3
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Blood carrying oxygen/nutrients is pumped into the body cavities where it baths the cells directly
Low pressure system

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4
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood carrying oxygen/nutrients is always contained within blood vessels
High pressure system

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5
Q

How many liters of blood does the average person contain ?

A

70kg contains 5L of blood
In those 5L, 55% is plasma and 45% is formed solid cells

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6
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC)

A

Transport oxygen and contain hemoglobin (respiratory pigment molecule that increases RBC ability to carry oxygen)
280M hemoglobin found in 1 RBC

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7
Q

Hemoglobin contains a Heme group ( _____ containing pigment that actually binds to oxygen) and a globin (a _______ protein structure)

A

Hemoglobin contains a Heme group (iron containing pigment that actually binds to oxygen) and a globin (a globular protein structure)

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8
Q

How many iron molecules can attach to 1 hemoglobin molecule

A

4 iron molecules can attach to 1 haemoglobin molecule
Each iron molecule can carry 1 oxygen molecule

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9
Q

1 hemoglobin molecule can carry how many oxygen molecules?

A

4 oxygen molecules

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10
Q

Describe the difficulty of the first oxygen molecule binding when no binding sites are occupied by oxygen and how it changes after the first heme group is occupied.

A

When no binding sites are occupied by oxygen, it is difficult for the first oxygen molecule to bind. However, after the first heme group is occupied, subsequent oxygen binding becomes easier.

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11
Q

Life span of RBC

A

Is 120 days

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12
Q

Is the blood of elderly people older then the blood of younger people?

A

No, since blood cells are constantly replenished, so blood age remains relatively consistent regardless of a person’s age.

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13
Q

When the RBC is mature, it does not contain a nucleus. WHY?

A

To make more space for oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules

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14
Q

Where are RBC produced

A

Red bone marrow

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15
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Contain a nucleus
Produced in red bone marrow
The life span is 7-10 days

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16
Q

What is the function of leukocytes

A

kill invading microbes by phagocytosis (eat) . Once the microbe has been engulfed, the leukocyte releases
enzymes that digest the microbe and the leukocyte itself

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17
Q

Platelets

A

Don’t contain nucleus
Produced in red bone marrow
They aren’t cells, there are fragments of cell that were created when larger cells in the bon marrow broke apart

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18
Q

Function and life span of platelets

A

Break down easily in blood (life span 7-10 days)
Function in blood clotting = prevent excessive blood loss
Your blood does not clot until a blood vessel is broken, which indicates that the first step is triggered by injury

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19
Q

Formation on blood clot (detailed)

A
  1. Blood does not clot until the blood vessel is broken = indicates that the first step is triggered by injury
  2. Substances are released from the broken blood vessel (chemicals called PF3’s)
  3. The chemicals (PF3’s) attract platelets to the site
  4. As the platelets collect, they rupture and release other chemicals called thromboplastin
  5. Thromboplastin reacts with prothrombin (protein produced by the liver) with the help of Calcium ions which catalyze the reaction
  6. Thromboplastin + Prothrombin ➡️CA2
    Thrombin
  7. Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (plasma protein) = fibrin
  8. Fibrin is an insoluble material that forms a mesh of strands around the area of injury
    9.This mesh prevents the loss of blood and eventually solidifies to form a clot
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20
Q

Formation of blood clot (simple)

A
  1. Blood vessel ruptures and releases chemical called PF3’s
  2. PF3’s attract platelets to the site
  3. Platelets release thromboplastin
  4. Thromboplastin react with Prothrombin to produce Thrombin. This reaction is catalyzed by Calcium ions
  5. Thrombin reacts with Fibrinogen to produce Fibrin
  6. Fibrin forms a mesh that prevents blood loss
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21
Q

What are the 4 major blood groups

A

A, B, AB, O
Each blood group is characterized by the presence/absence of particular protein markers on the walls of RBC

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22
Q

The four blood groups results from different combinations of two protein markers (___and ___)

A

The four blood groups results from different combinations of two protein markers (A and B)

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23
Q

What are the proteins that stimulate the formation of antibodies

A

Antigens are proteins that stimulates the formation of antibodies

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24
Q

what are the proteins in blood plasma that react with antigens?

A

Antibodies (proteins in blood plasma that react with antigens)

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25
Q

People who have Type A blood have the ___ antigen attach to their RBC membrane and have Antibody ___ in plasma

A

People who have Type A blood have the A antigen attache to their RBC membrane and have Antibody B in plasma

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26
Q

People with Type B blood have the ___ antigens attached to their RBC membrane and have Antibody ___ in plasma

A

People with Type B blood have the B antigens attached to their RBC membrane and have Antibody A in plasma

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27
Q

People with AB blood have ___ antigens attached to their RBC membrane and have neither Antibody ___ or ___

A

People with AB blood have AB antigens attached to their RBC membrane and have neither Antibody A or B

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28
Q

People with O blood have ____ antigens attached to their RBC membrane, but have Antibody ___ and ___.

A

People with O blood have NO antigens attached to their RBC membrane, but have Antibody A and B.
Can only accept blood from O type donor.

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29
Q

How does the body react when different markers (antigens) enter the blood and what is the role of white blood cells in this process?

A

When markers (antigens) that are different enter the blood, the body identifies them as though they are invading microbes. The body‛s white blood cells will destroy the invading antigens

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30
Q

The transport vessels (3 main types of blood vessels)

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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31
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Have thick walls
1. Connective tissue (outer most layer)
2. Smooth muscle(thickest/middle layer)
3. Smooth epithelial cells (1 cell thick, reduce friction from blood, inner layer)

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32
Q

Strong walls make arteries capable of withstanding great __________.
Every time your heart contracts, blood surges from your heart and enters the arteries, forcing the arteries to _______. When the heart relaxes, the arteries _________.

A

Strong walls make arteries capable of withstanding great pressure
Every time your heart contracts, blood surges from your heart and enters the arteries, forcing the arteries to stretch. When the heart relaxes, the arteries recoil

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33
Q

What is a pulse?

A

Change in diameter of arteries after heart contacts blood surges through the arteries

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34
Q

Aorta (parts)

A
  1. Ascending aorta
  2. Aortic arch
  3. Thoracic aorta
  4. Abdominal aorta
    Descending aorta = 3+4
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35
Q

Artery disorders

A

Atherosclerosis
Carotid Artery Disease
Aneurysms
Raynaud’s Syndrome

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36
Q

Atherosclerosis = fat in arteries

A

Plaque (fat) blockage in arteries anywhere in body
Build up takes a while
Narrows diameter of artery causing INCREASE in blood pressure

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37
Q

Carotid artery disease

A

Blockage in carotid artery
Artery in neck (supply blood to brain) becomes clogged and may cause stroke

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38
Q

Atherosclerosis treatments

A
  1. Angioplasty (inflated balloon squeezing fat build up) - non permanent
  2. Stenting ( mesh stent that opens up/expands the artery)
  3. Endarterectomy ( surgically removing the build up from artery)
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39
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal bulge in artery wall
If grow and gets big enough, it can burst caused dangerous/fatal bleeding in body
If happens in brain = stroke or even death

40
Q

Raynauds syndrome

A

Rare disorder that affects blood vessels (brief episodes of vasoconstriction)
Vasoconstriction = causes decreased blood flow to fingers/toes/nose/lips/ears, mostly fingers only

41
Q

Arterlioles

A

Blood moves from arteries to smaller vessels arterioles
Covered with smooth muscle
Nervous system can tell them to contact (vasoconstriction) = less blood flow to tissue
Nervous system can tell them relax (vasodilation) = increases blood flow to tissue

42
Q

Capillaries

A

Blood moves from arterioles to capillaries
Gas exchange happens

43
Q

Directions of blood flow

A

Heart ➡️ arteries ➡️ arterioles ➡️ capillaries ➡️ venules ➡️ veins ➡️ heart

44
Q

Venules

A

Capillaries merge and become larger vessels venules
Venules merge and become larger vessels veins

45
Q

Veins

A

Bring blood back to heart
Has same 3 layers as artery just smaller middle layer (smooth muscle)

46
Q

Valves (veins)

A

Opens only in one direction/ direct blood to heart
Muscle contraction help bring blood back ( muscle contract = vein diameter less = venous pressure increase = veins to open

47
Q

Varicose veins

A

Distorted/twisted veins
Happen cause venous valves don’t work = blood pools

48
Q

Heart

A

Has 4 chambers
2 thin wall atria’s
2 thick wall ventricles

49
Q

Atrium (receiving chambers)

A

Top 2 chambers of heart
Receive blood from veins

50
Q

Ventricles (dispatching chambers)

A

Bottom 2 chambers of heart
Deliver blood to arteries
Thick muscular walls = need to pump the blood to rest of body

51
Q

The 2 sides of the heart are considered parallel pumps. They are separated by a muscular _______

A

The 2 sides of the heart are considered parallel pumps. They are separated by a muscular septum

52
Q

The pump on the right receives oxygen _____ blood from the body
The pump on the left receives oxygen _____ blood from the lungs

A

The pump on the right receives oxygen poor blood from the body
The pump on the left receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs

53
Q

Pericardium

A

Protective membrane surrounding the heart (has liquid = reduces friction when heart beats)

54
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Made up of vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

55
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Made up of vessels tha carry blood to and from the body tissues

56
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Artery with oxygen poor blood

57
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Vein with oxygen rich blood

58
Q

Superior/inferior vena cava

A

Brings back oxygen poor blood from body to heart

59
Q

Aorta

A

Artery that transport oxygen rich blood from heart to body

60
Q

One way blood flow

A
  1. Blood gets pumped to atria
  2. From atria, blood moves to ventricles
  3. Direction of blood flow is controlled by valves, that separate atria from ventricles and each ventricle from arteries
61
Q

AV valves

A

Separate atria from ventricles
Prevents blood from flowing back to atria from ventricles

62
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

On right side
3 valves

63
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

On left side
2 valves

64
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Thin valves that anchor valves and prevent them from flipping inward to atria

65
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Separate ventricles from arteries
Prevents blood that is in arteries to flow back into ventricles

66
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Entrance of pulmonary artery from right ventricle

67
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Entrance of aorta from left ventricle

68
Q
A
69
Q

Flow of blood through heart

A
  1. Superior/inferior vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  6. Pulmonary trunk
  7. R/L pulmonary arteries
  8. Lungs
  9. R/L pulmonary veins
  10. Left atrium
  11. Bicuspid valve
  12. Left ventricle
  13. Aortic semilunar valve
  14. Aorta
  15. Body
70
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Arteries that supply blood to heart tissue

71
Q

Cardiac veins

A

Transport oxygen poor blood is carried away into right atrium

72
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Fat build up (atherosclerosis) in coronary arteries = not enough oxygen delivered to heart muscle
Cause heart pain due lack of oxygen (angina)
If oxygen starved cells die = myocardial infractions (heart attack)

73
Q

Coronary artery disease treatment

A

Coronary angioplasty
Stenting
Coronary artery bypass (blood
Vessel from another body part is removed and bypasses blocked coronary arteries

74
Q

Systole

A

Contractions of a heart chamber

75
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of a heart chamber

76
Q

Heart sounds

A
  1. Atria in state of diastole = fill with blood
  2. Atria then become systole = push blood into ventricles in state of diastole
  3. Ventricle enter systole and contract = backside AV valve cusps slam shut = first sound (LUBB)
  4. Blood enter artery attached to ventricles, some blood will fall down on semilunar valve = slam shut = second sound (DUBB)
77
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

striated ( a mix between skeletal and smooth muscle)

78
Q

Myogenic muscles

A

Don’t require any nerve stimulation to make them contract

79
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

A

Located in the right atrium, generates an electrical impulse.
Acts as a natural pacemaker, setting the rhythm of the heart.

80
Q

Atrial Contraction

A

The electrical impulse spreads over both atria through atrial conducting fibers.
Atria contract simultaneously, pushing blood into the ventricles.

81
Q

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

A

The impulse travels to the AV node located at the base of the right atrium.

82
Q

Bundle of His

A

From the AV node, the signal moves to the Bundle of His, located in the septum between the ventricles.

83
Q

Bundle Branches

A

The signal travels down the septum and up the ventricular walls through left and right bundle branches.

84
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

Bundle branches send out purkinje fibers, long fibers distributed throughout the ventricular muscles.

85
Q

Ventricular Contraction

A

Bundle branches and purkinje fibers stimulate the ventricles, causing them to contract.
Contraction forces blood out of the heart to the lungs and the rest of the body.

86
Q

How heart beats

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node
  2. Atrial Conducting Fibers
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) Node
  4. Bundle of His
  5. Bundle Branches (right and left)
  6. Purkinje Fibers
87
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

Change in voltage produced by electrical signals of heart

88
Q

Electrocardiograph

A

Tracing produced by the electrocardiogram

89
Q

How does a doctor obtain a heart tracing?

A

Placing electrodes on the skin over the heart and transmitting signals to an instrument that measures electrical changes in the heart muscle.

90
Q

What does the first part of the heart tracing (1) represent?

A

Shows the depolarization (contraction) of the atria, accompanying their contraction.

91
Q

What does the second part of the heart tracing (2 - QRS) represent?

A

Shows the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles, accompanying their contraction.

92
Q

What does the third part of the heart tracing (3 - T wave) represent?

A

It shows the repolarization (relaxation) of the ventricles.

93
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Any change from the normal sequence of the electrical impulse, causing abnormal heart rhythms

94
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart rate exceeding 100 beats/min
Hinders ventricles from filling adequately, leading to insufficient blood pumping
Oxygen deficiency = shortness of breath, dizziness, blackouts, and fainting.

95
Q

Bradycardia

A

Less than 60 beats/min
Shortness of breath, dizziness, blackouts, fainting,

96
Q

Treatments (Arrhythmias, Tachycardia, Bradycardia)

A

Pacemaker (can take charge of sending the signal)
Defibrillator (corrects arrhythmia‛s )

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