Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SBI3U > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system (transport system)

A

Carry nutrients to cells / waste away
Transport hormones/enzymes from cells in one part of body to another
Allow transport of immune cells throughout body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the circulatory system

A

Blood vessel
Heart (brain of the system)
Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Blood carrying oxygen/nutrients is pumped into the body cavities where it baths the cells directly
Low pressure system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood carrying oxygen/nutrients is always contained within blood vessels
High pressure system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many liters of blood does the average person contain ?

A

70kg contains 5L of blood
In those 5L, 55% is plasma and 45% is formed solid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC)

A

Transport oxygen and contain hemoglobin (respiratory pigment molecule that increases RBC ability to carry oxygen)
280M hemoglobin found in 1 RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hemoglobin contains a Heme group ( _____ containing pigment that actually binds to oxygen) and a globin (a _______ protein structure)

A

Hemoglobin contains a Heme group (iron containing pigment that actually binds to oxygen) and a globin (a globular protein structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many iron molecules can attach to 1 hemoglobin molecule

A

4 iron molecules can attach to 1 haemoglobin molecule
Each iron molecule can carry 1 oxygen molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1 hemoglobin molecule can carry how many oxygen molecules?

A

4 oxygen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the difficulty of the first oxygen molecule binding when no binding sites are occupied by oxygen and how it changes after the first heme group is occupied.

A

When no binding sites are occupied by oxygen, it is difficult for the first oxygen molecule to bind. However, after the first heme group is occupied, subsequent oxygen binding becomes easier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Life span of RBC

A

Is 120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is the blood of elderly people older then the blood of younger people?

A

No, since blood cells are constantly replenished, so blood age remains relatively consistent regardless of a person’s age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When the RBC is mature, it does not contain a nucleus. WHY?

A

To make more space for oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are RBC produced

A

Red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Contain a nucleus
Produced in red bone marrow
The life span is 7-10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of leukocytes

A

kill invading microbes by phagocytosis (eat) . Once the microbe has been engulfed, the leukocyte releases
enzymes that digest the microbe and the leukocyte itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Platelets

A

Don’t contain nucleus
Produced in red bone marrow
They aren’t cells, there are fragments of cell that were created when larger cells in the bon marrow broke apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Function and life span of platelets

A

Break down easily in blood (life span 7-10 days)
Function in blood clotting = prevent excessive blood loss
Your blood does not clot until a blood vessel is broken, which indicates that the first step is triggered by injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Formation on blood clot (detailed)

A
  1. Blood does not clot until the blood vessel is broken = indicates that the first step is triggered by injury
  2. Substances are released from the broken blood vessel (chemicals called PF3’s)
  3. The chemicals (PF3’s) attract platelets to the site
  4. As the platelets collect, they rupture and release other chemicals called thromboplastin
  5. Thromboplastin reacts with prothrombin (protein produced by the liver) with the help of Calcium ions which catalyze the reaction
  6. Thromboplastin + Prothrombin ➡️CA2
    Thrombin
  7. Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (plasma protein) = fibrin
  8. Fibrin is an insoluble material that forms a mesh of strands around the area of injury
    9.This mesh prevents the loss of blood and eventually solidifies to form a clot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Formation of blood clot (simple)

A
  1. Blood vessel ruptures and releases chemical called PF3’s
  2. PF3’s attract platelets to the site
  3. Platelets release thromboplastin
  4. Thromboplastin react with Prothrombin to produce Thrombin. This reaction is catalyzed by Calcium ions
  5. Thrombin reacts with Fibrinogen to produce Fibrin
  6. Fibrin forms a mesh that prevents blood loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 4 major blood groups

A

A, B, AB, O
Each blood group is characterized by the presence/absence of particular protein markers on the walls of RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The four blood groups results from different combinations of two protein markers (___and ___)

A

The four blood groups results from different combinations of two protein markers (A and B)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the proteins that stimulate the formation of antibodies

A

Antigens are proteins that stimulates the formation of antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the proteins in blood plasma that react with antigens?

A

Antibodies (proteins in blood plasma that react with antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
People who have Type A blood have the ___ antigen attach to their RBC membrane and have Antibody ___ in plasma
People who have Type A blood have the A antigen attache to their RBC membrane and have Antibody B in plasma
26
People with Type B blood have the ___ antigens attached to their RBC membrane and have Antibody ___ in plasma
People with Type B blood have the B antigens attached to their RBC membrane and have Antibody A in plasma
27
People with AB blood have ___ antigens attached to their RBC membrane and have neither Antibody ___ or ___
People with AB blood have AB antigens attached to their RBC membrane and have neither Antibody A or B
28
People with O blood have ____ antigens attached to their RBC membrane, but have Antibody ___ and ___.
People with O blood have NO antigens attached to their RBC membrane, but have Antibody A and B. Can only accept blood from O type donor.
29
How does the body react when different markers (antigens) enter the blood and what is the role of white blood cells in this process?
When markers (antigens) that are different enter the blood, the body identifies them as though they are invading microbes. The body‛s white blood cells will destroy the invading antigens
30
The transport vessels (3 main types of blood vessels)
Arteries Veins Capillaries
31
Arteries
Carry blood AWAY from the heart Have thick walls 1. Connective tissue (outer most layer) 2. Smooth muscle(thickest/middle layer) 3. Smooth epithelial cells (1 cell thick, reduce friction from blood, inner layer)
32
Strong walls make arteries capable of withstanding great __________. Every time your heart contracts, blood surges from your heart and enters the arteries, forcing the arteries to _______. When the heart relaxes, the arteries _________.
Strong walls make arteries capable of withstanding great pressure Every time your heart contracts, blood surges from your heart and enters the arteries, forcing the arteries to stretch. When the heart relaxes, the arteries recoil
33
What is a pulse?
Change in diameter of arteries after heart contacts blood surges through the arteries
34
Aorta (parts)
1. Ascending aorta 2. Aortic arch 3. Thoracic aorta 4. Abdominal aorta Descending aorta = 3+4
35
Artery disorders
Atherosclerosis Carotid Artery Disease Aneurysms Raynaud’s Syndrome
36
Atherosclerosis = fat in arteries
Plaque (fat) blockage in arteries anywhere in body Build up takes a while Narrows diameter of artery causing INCREASE in blood pressure
37
Carotid artery disease
Blockage in carotid artery Artery in neck (supply blood to brain) becomes clogged and may cause stroke
38
Atherosclerosis treatments
1. Angioplasty (inflated balloon squeezing fat build up) - non permanent 2. Stenting ( mesh stent that opens up/expands the artery) 3. Endarterectomy ( surgically removing the build up from artery)
39
Aneurysm
Abnormal bulge in artery wall If grow and gets big enough, it can burst caused dangerous/fatal bleeding in body If happens in brain = stroke or even death
40
Raynauds syndrome
Rare disorder that affects blood vessels (brief episodes of vasoconstriction) Vasoconstriction = causes decreased blood flow to fingers/toes/nose/lips/ears, mostly fingers only
41
Arterlioles
Blood moves from arteries to smaller vessels arterioles Covered with smooth muscle Nervous system can tell them to contact (vasoconstriction) = less blood flow to tissue Nervous system can tell them relax (vasodilation) = increases blood flow to tissue
42
Capillaries
Blood moves from arterioles to capillaries Gas exchange happens
43
Directions of blood flow
Heart ➡️ arteries ➡️ arterioles ➡️ capillaries ➡️ venules ➡️ veins ➡️ heart
44
Venules
Capillaries merge and become larger vessels venules Venules merge and become larger vessels veins
45
Veins
Bring blood back to heart Has same 3 layers as artery just smaller middle layer (smooth muscle)
46
Valves (veins)
Opens only in one direction/ direct blood to heart Muscle contraction help bring blood back ( muscle contract = vein diameter less = venous pressure increase = veins to open
47
Varicose veins
Distorted/twisted veins Happen cause venous valves don’t work = blood pools
48
Heart
Has 4 chambers 2 thin wall atria's 2 thick wall ventricles
49
Atrium (receiving chambers)
Top 2 chambers of heart Receive blood from veins
50
Ventricles (dispatching chambers)
Bottom 2 chambers of heart Deliver blood to arteries Thick muscular walls = need to pump the blood to rest of body
51
The 2 sides of the heart are considered parallel pumps. They are separated by a muscular _______
The 2 sides of the heart are considered parallel pumps. They are separated by a muscular septum
52
The pump on the right receives oxygen _____ blood from the body The pump on the left receives oxygen _____ blood from the lungs
The pump on the right receives oxygen poor blood from the body The pump on the left receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs
53
Pericardium
Protective membrane surrounding the heart (has liquid = reduces friction when heart beats)
54
Pulmonary Circuit
Made up of vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
55
Systemic Circuit
Made up of vessels tha carry blood to and from the body tissues
56
Pulmonary arteries
Artery with oxygen poor blood
57
Pulmonary vein
Vein with oxygen rich blood
58
Superior/inferior vena cava
Brings back oxygen poor blood from body to heart
59
Aorta
Artery that transport oxygen rich blood from heart to body
60
One way blood flow
1. Blood gets pumped to atria 2. From atria, blood moves to ventricles 3. Direction of blood flow is controlled by valves, that separate atria from ventricles and each ventricle from arteries
61
AV valves
Separate atria from ventricles Prevents blood from flowing back to atria from ventricles
62
Tricuspid valve
On right side 3 valves
63
Bicuspid valve
On left side 2 valves
64
Chordae tendineae
Thin valves that anchor valves and prevent them from flipping inward to atria
65
Semilunar valves
Separate ventricles from arteries Prevents blood that is in arteries to flow back into ventricles
66
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Entrance of pulmonary artery from right ventricle
67
Aortic semilunar valve
Entrance of aorta from left ventricle
68
69
Flow of blood through heart
1. Superior/inferior vena cava 2. Right atrium 3. Tricuspid valve 4. Right ventricle 5. Pulmonary semilunar valve 6. Pulmonary trunk 7. R/L pulmonary arteries 8. Lungs 9. R/L pulmonary veins 10. Left atrium 11. Bicuspid valve 12. Left ventricle 13. Aortic semilunar valve 14. Aorta 15. Body
70
Coronary arteries
Arteries that supply blood to heart tissue
71
Cardiac veins
Transport oxygen poor blood is carried away into right atrium
72
Coronary artery disease
Fat build up (atherosclerosis) in coronary arteries = not enough oxygen delivered to heart muscle Cause heart pain due lack of oxygen (angina) If oxygen starved cells die = myocardial infractions (heart attack)
73
Coronary artery disease treatment
Coronary angioplasty Stenting Coronary artery bypass (blood Vessel from another body part is removed and bypasses blocked coronary arteries
74
Systole
Contractions of a heart chamber
75
Diastole
Relaxation of a heart chamber
76
Heart sounds
1. Atria in state of diastole = fill with blood 2. Atria then become systole = push blood into ventricles in state of diastole 3. Ventricle enter systole and contract = backside AV valve cusps slam shut = first sound (LUBB) 4. Blood enter artery attached to ventricles, some blood will fall down on semilunar valve = slam shut = second sound (DUBB)
77
Cardiac muscle
striated ( a mix between skeletal and smooth muscle)
78
Myogenic muscles
Don't require any nerve stimulation to make them contract
79
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Located in the right atrium, generates an electrical impulse. Acts as a natural pacemaker, setting the rhythm of the heart.
80
Atrial Contraction
The electrical impulse spreads over both atria through atrial conducting fibers. Atria contract simultaneously, pushing blood into the ventricles.
81
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
The impulse travels to the AV node located at the base of the right atrium.
82
Bundle of His
From the AV node, the signal moves to the Bundle of His, located in the septum between the ventricles.
83
Bundle Branches
The signal travels down the septum and up the ventricular walls through left and right bundle branches.
84
Purkinje Fibers
Bundle branches send out purkinje fibers, long fibers distributed throughout the ventricular muscles.
85
Ventricular Contraction
Bundle branches and purkinje fibers stimulate the ventricles, causing them to contract. Contraction forces blood out of the heart to the lungs and the rest of the body.
86
How heart beats
1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node 2. Atrial Conducting Fibers 3. Atrioventricular (AV) Node 4. Bundle of His 5. Bundle Branches (right and left) 6. Purkinje Fibers
87
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Change in voltage produced by electrical signals of heart
88
Electrocardiograph
Tracing produced by the electrocardiogram
89
How does a doctor obtain a heart tracing?
Placing electrodes on the skin over the heart and transmitting signals to an instrument that measures electrical changes in the heart muscle.
90
What does the first part of the heart tracing (1) represent?
Shows the depolarization (contraction) of the atria, accompanying their contraction.
91
What does the second part of the heart tracing (2 - QRS) represent?
Shows the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles, accompanying their contraction.
92
What does the third part of the heart tracing (3 - T wave) represent?
It shows the repolarization (relaxation) of the ventricles.
93
Arrhythmias
Any change from the normal sequence of the electrical impulse, causing abnormal heart rhythms
94
Tachycardia
Heart rate exceeding 100 beats/min Hinders ventricles from filling adequately, leading to insufficient blood pumping Oxygen deficiency = shortness of breath, dizziness, blackouts, and fainting.
95
Bradycardia
Less than 60 beats/min Shortness of breath, dizziness, blackouts, fainting,
96
Treatments (Arrhythmias, Tachycardia, Bradycardia)
Pacemaker (can take charge of sending the signal) Defibrillator (corrects arrhythmia‛s )

SBI3U (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions