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Honors Bio > The Chemistry of Living Things Test Review > Flashcards

The Chemistry of Living Things Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak type of chemical link between a negatively charged atom and a hydrogen atom that is bonded to another negatively charged atom

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2
Q

Cohesion

A

The attraction of two like materials

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3
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction of two different materials

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4
Q

Surface Tension

A

A measure of the enhanced intermolecular forces at the surface of a liquid

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5
Q

Solvent

A

The substance that dissolves another substance

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6
Q

Acid

A

A molecule or ion that has the ability to either donate a proton or hydrogen ion H+, or form a covalent bond with an electron pair

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7
Q

Base

A

A substance with a pH greater than 7; will increase the concentration of hydroxide ions in solution

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8
Q

Buffer

A

A substance that minimizes changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added to a solution

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9
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Monomers combine to form polymers; in the process of forming bonds, water molecules are released

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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Polymers are broken down into building blocks; the addition of water is necessary to break the bonds of the polymer

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11
Q

Activation Energy

A

Energy needed to get a reaction started

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12
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy

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13
Q

Active Site

A

On enzymes, site of the reaction; only molecules that fit the site can be catalyzed

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14
Q

Substrate

A

Reactants that interact with and are catalyzed by enzymes

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15
Q

Glycogen

A

Short-term energy storage molecule in animals

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16
Q

Amylose

A

Long-term energy storage molecule in plants

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17
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that regulate chemical reactions in cells

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18
Q

What does the property of polarity mean?

A

The ends of the molecules have different charges

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19
Q

pH value for acid

A

0

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20
Q

pH value for base (alkaline)

A

14

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21
Q

pH value for neutral

A

7

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22
Q

How do buffers enable living things organisms to maintain pH?

A

Buffers in the blood act to neutralize acids and bases that threaten to change the body’s pH level

23
Q

What are two ways in which carbon varies from other elements?

A

Four bonds allow several different atoms to attach to one C atom, and C bonding to C atoms unusual; when it happens, it allows large, complex molecules to be built

24
Q

What macromolecule’s shape and function can be drastically altered if temp or pH of the solution it is dissolved in are altered?

A

Enzyme

25
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond between two atoms that unequally share electrons between them

26
Q

How does water’s cohesiveness affect living things?

A

Cohesion helps water travel from the roots upward in plants

27
Q

How does water’s adhesiveness affect living things?

A

Adhesion allows water to stick to cell walls in plants

28
Q

How is frozen water’s density important for living things?

A

If ice would sink, there would be no suitable liquid water underneath to house aquatic life

29
Q

How is water’s high specific heat important to living things?

A

Water inside the cells of an organism can absorb and release heat while maintaining fairly stable temperatures within the organism

30
Q

Lipid Monomers

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

31
Q

Lipid Polymers

A

No name

32
Q

Nucleic Acid Monomers

A

Nucleotides

33
Q

Nucleic Acid Polymers

A

Nucleic acids

34
Q

Carbohydrate Monomers

A

Monosaccharides

35
Q

Carbohydrate Polymers

A

Disaccharides (2), Polysaccharides

36
Q

Protein Monomers basic name

A

Amino acids (20 types)

37
Q

Protein Polymers

A

Polypeptides

38
Q

Example molecules of carbohydrates

A

Mono- glucose Di- sucrose, lactose, Poly- glycogen, cellulose, amylose

39
Q

Example molecules of lipids

A

Composes of monomers- glycerol, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids Not- sterols and steroids

40
Q

Example molecules of proteins

A

Structural- collagen, keratin, melanin Functional- enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies, actin, myosin, cell membrane proteins

41
Q

Example molecules of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

42
Q

Function of nucleic acids

A

Hereditary information

43
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Forms bones, muscles, hair and nails -Regulate chemical reactions in cells -Transport materials -Immunity -Direct cell processes -Movement

44
Q

Functions of Lipids

A

Structural support for cells -direct cell processes -specific to animals: triglycerides- long-term energy storage, cushion organs, insulate bodies

45
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Mono and Di- broken down for immediate energy in all organisms -break down directly for usable energy -get converted to glucose when energy is needed
Poly- glycogen is hydrolyzed to release glucose for energy during activity in animals -amylose is hydrolyzed to release glucose for energy in plants

46
Q

How are nucleic acids and proteins related to each other?

A

DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids. DNA provides the instructions assembling proteins and RNA determines how they should be assembled. Nucleic acids are responsible for creating and telling what functions proteins should do.

47
Q

What do enzymes do to the rate of a chemical reaction when they are added?

A

They speed it up

48
Q

What is represented by the arrows in the tall bumps on a reaction graph?

A

Activation energy

49
Q

Enzyme-Catalyzed reactions

A

Require less energy so the bump on the graph is smaller

50
Q

What conditions/ factors can affect the function of enzymes?

A

Temperature, pH, the concentration of the substrate, and the concentration of the enzyme

51
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

4

52
Q

What is the pH of the small intestine?

A

9

53
Q

How many different kinds of substrate can one enzyme react with?

A

1 type because the enzyme’s active site only fits a specific substrate that it is meant to react with

Honors Bio (2 decks)

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