The Chemical Industry(CI) Flashcards
What are the oxides of nitrogen?
Nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen oxide
What is the formula of the oxides of nitrogen?
Nitrogen monoxide~NO
Nitrogen dioxide~NO2
Dinitrogen oxide~N2O
How is nitrogen monoxide formed?
- Reaction between nitrogen and oxygen from the air combusting in an engine under high temperatures
- Thunderstorms
- Denitrifying bacteria in soil
What does nitrogen monoxide look like?
A colourless gas
How is nitrogen dioxide formed?
The oxidation of nitrogen monoxide in the air
What does nitrogen dioxide look like?
Brown gas
How is dinitrogen oxide formed?
When oxygen is low, anaerobic bacteria reduces nitrate ions
What does nitrogen oxide look like?
A colourless gas
What are the nitrate ions?
Nitrate(III) and Nitrate(V)
If a rate of reaction doubles when the concentration of reactant doubles, what is the order with respect to the reactant?
1st order
If a rate of reaction doubles when the concentration of reactant quadruples, what is the order with respect to the reactant?
2nd order
If you double a reactant’s concentration and the rate stays the same, what is the order of the reactant?
0 order
What is rate constant?
The number of frequent succesful collisions in a reaction per second
What is meant by half-life?
The time taken for half of the concentration of reactant to be used up
If the half-lives of a reaction remain constant, what is the order of the reaction?
1st order
If a substance is in the chemical equation but not the rate equation, is it a part of the RDS?
It isn’t involved in the RDS
If a substance is in the chemical equation and the rate equation, is it a part of the RDS?
It is involved in the RDS
What are raw materials
The staring point for any industrial chemical process
What is feedstock
The reactants which go into a chemical process
What is a co-product?
A product which has a useful purpose produced alongside the expected product
What is a by-product?
A product formed in an unwanted reaction, which has no useful purpose
What are fixed costs?
Costs which are incurred by the company despite the amount of product produced
What are variable costs?
Costs which relate specifically to the unit of production
What is a hazard?
The potential that a hazardous substance has to cause harm
What is a risk?
The likelihood the hazardous substance will cause harm
What are five ways of following the rate of a reaction?
- pH measurement
- gas volume
- loss of mass
- colour change
- titration
What is reaction rate?
The change in the amount of reactants or products per unit time
How do you calculate the inital rate of a reaction?
amount of reactant used or product formed/time
How do you calculate the inital rate from a graph?
Draw a tangent at t=0 and meausre its gradient
Give a natural source of NO in the atmosphere
Nitrogen and oxygen reacting in lightning
Give a human source of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere
Burning fuel in vehicle engine
