The Chemical Foundation Of Life (Chapter 2) Flashcards
What is matter?
It is made of molecules, which in turn are made of atoms
Atoms
Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Ions and Isotopes
Ions are charged particles
Isotopes are different variations of an element. They have a different number of neutrons
Electrons
Niels Bohr developed the Bohr Model
They normally live in the lowest energy shell available
Each shell has a sub shell
Covalent and Ionic Bonding
Covalent: bonds between two NONmetals
Ionic: bonds between a metal AND a nonmetal
Water
It can form hydrogen bonds between molecules
Great solvent for charged and/or polar (hydrophilic molecules)
Highest density is its liquid state
High surface tension
High specific heat capacity
High heat of vaporization
Acid and Base
Acid is a substance that increases hydrogen ions’ concentration ([H+]) in a solution, usually by having one of its hydrogen atoms dissociate
A Base provides either hydroxide ions (OH-) or other negatively charged ions that combine with hydrogen ions, reducing their concentration in the solution and thereby raising the pH.
pH and Buffers
pH= -log(H+)
Buffers readily absorb excess H+ or OH-, keeping a solution’s pH within a narrow range.
Carbon
Can form up to 4 covalent bonds
The framework of biological molecules consists primarily of Carbon bonded to other carbon atoms, oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, sulfur atoms, phosphorus atoms, or hydrogen atoms
Isomers
Different structural arrangements between atoms. They may be structural or geometric (also called “stereoisomers”).
Enantiomers
A specific subtype of geometric isomers where 2 molecules are mirror images of each other.
Functional Group
A specific arrangement of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, regardless of what the rest of the molecule looks like.
