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Cellular & Molecular Biology > The Chemical Foundation of Life > Flashcards

The Chemical Foundation of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

A

acid

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2
Q

attraction between water molecules and other molecules

A

adhesion

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3
Q

hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms

A

aliphatic hydrocarbon

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4
Q

negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons

A

anion

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5
Q

hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms

A

aromatic hydrocarbon

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6
Q

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

A

atom

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7
Q

calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes

A

atomic mass

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8
Q

total number of protons in an atom

A

atomic number

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9
Q

statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants

A

balanced chemical equation

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10
Q

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions’ concentration in a solution

A

base

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11
Q

substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

A

buffer

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12
Q

amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

A

calorie

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13
Q

occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the tubes’ sides

A

capillary action

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14
Q

positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons

A

cation

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15
Q

interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in forming molecules

A

chemical bond

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16
Q

process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules

A

chemical reaction

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17
Q

the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other

A

chemical reactivity

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18
Q

intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension

A

cohesion

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19
Q

substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements

A

compound

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20
Q

type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms

A

covalent bond

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21
Q

release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH-

A

dissociation

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22
Q

ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance

A

electrolyte

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23
Q

negatively charged subatomic particle that resides negatively charged subatomic particle that resides

A

electron

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24
Q

arrangement of electrons in an
atom’s electron shell (for example, 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6)

A

electron configuration

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25
Q

how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where we are most likely to find an electron

A

electron orbital

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26
Q

movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creating ionic bonds

A

electron transfer

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27
Q

ability of some elements to attract
electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms

A

electronegativity

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28
Q

one of 118 unique substances that cannot break down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons

A

element

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29
Q

molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other

A

enantiomers

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30
Q

steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system

A

equilibrium

31
Q

change from liquid to gaseous state at a body of water’s surface, plant leaves, or an organism’s skin

A

evaporation

32
Q

group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton

A

functional group

33
Q

isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond

A

geometric isomer

34
Q

high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor

A

heat of vaporization of water

35
Q

molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbon

36
Q

weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules

A

hydrogen bond

37
Q

describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water

A

hydrophilic

38
Q

describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water

A

hydrophobic

39
Q

(also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron
shell that is unreactive with other atoms

A

inert gas

40
Q

atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

A

ion

41
Q

chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)

A

ionic bond

42
Q

chemical reaction where
reactants proceed unidirectionally to form products

A

irreversible chemical reaction

43
Q

molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula

A

isomers

44
Q

one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

A

isotope

45
Q

chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the
reacting substances

A

law of mass action

46
Q

(also, pH paper) filter paper treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes in order to use it as a pH indicator

A

litmus paper

47
Q

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

A

mass number

48
Q

anything that has mass and occupies space

A

matter

49
Q

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

A

molecule

50
Q

uncharged particle that resides in an atom’s nucleus; has a mass of one amu

A

neutron

51
Q

see inert gas

A

noble gas

52
Q

type of covalent bond that forms
between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them

A

nonpolar covalent bond

53
Q

core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons

A

nucleus

54
Q

rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells

A

octet rule

55
Q

region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons

A

orbital

56
Q

any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)

A

organic molecule

57
Q

organizational chart of elements indicating each element’s atomic number and atomic mass; provides
key information about the elements’ properties

A

periodic table

58
Q

see litmus paper

A

pH paper

59
Q

scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions’ concentration in a
solution

A

pH scale

60
Q

type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating
slightly positive and negative charged molecule regions

A

polar covalent bond

61
Q

molecule that is result of chemical reaction

A

product

62
Q

positively charged particle that resides in the atom’s nucleus; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1

A

proton

63
Q

isotope that emits radiation comprised of subatomic particles to form more stable elements

A

radioisotope

64
Q

molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction

A

reactant

65
Q

chemical reaction that functions bidirectionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough

A

reversible chemical reaction

66
Q

substance capable of dissolving another substance

A

solvent

67
Q

the amount of heat one gram of a
substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

A

specific heat capacity

68
Q

when a polar water molecule
surrounds charged or polar molecules thus keeping them
dissolved and in solution

A

sphere of hydration

69
Q

molecules that share a chemical
formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds

A

structural isomers

70
Q

hydrocarbon chain or ring
containing an atom of another element in place of one of
the backbone carbons

A

substituted hydrocarbon

71
Q

tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the liquid’s molecules

A

surface tension

72
Q

outermost shell of an atom

A

valence shell

73
Q

very weak interaction between
molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together

A

van der Waals interaction

Cellular & Molecular Biology (3 decks)

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