The Chemical Composition of Cellls Flashcards
refers to the use of hyperaccumulator plants to remove heavy metals in contaminated soils
phytoremediation
use of hyperaccumulator plants to grow and harvest in order to recover commercially valuable metals in plant shoots from metal-rich sites
phytomining
positive electric charge, small mass
proton
uncharged, about same mass as proton
neutron
negative charge, extreme small mass
electron
moves around the nucleus at different energy levels
electrons
allow elements to combine chemically to form chemical compounds
electrons
are atoms which tend to gain or lose electrons
ions
an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
ionic bond
chemical bond involving 1 or more shared pairs of electrons
covalent bond
attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom in 1 molecule and a slightly negative atom (usually oxygen) in another molecule
hydrogen bond
has a strong dissolving ability
water
molecules form hydrogen bonds with one another
cohesion
molecules form hydrogen bonds to substances with ionic or polar regions
adhesion
dissociate in water to form hydrogen ions
acids
dissociate in water to yield negatively charged hydroxide ions
bases
measure of the relative concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
pH scale
organic compound containing carbon hydrogen, and oxygen
includes sugars, starches, cellulose
important fuel molecules, components of molecules(nucleic acids) and cell walls
carbohydrates
simple sugars
monosaccharides
2 monosaccharide unit
disaccharides
many monosaccharide units
polysaccharides
any of a group of organic compounds that is insoluble in water but soluble in fat solvents
lipis
large, complex organic compound composed of amino acids subunits
proteins
proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions
enzymes
large, complex organic molecules composed of neucleotides
controls the cell’s life process
nucleic acids
transmits information from generation to the next
deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
involved in protein synthesis
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
repeating units that form nucleic acids
nucleotides
modified nucleotide compound important in energy transfers in biological systems
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
DNA replication
- helicase enzymes separate 2 strands of neucleotides - point at which 2 strands of DNA separates (replication fork)
- another enzyme (DNA polymerase) binds separated strands and starts moving along original DNA
- DNA polymerase assembles a complementary strand from free nucleotides that are found in the nucleoplasm
building block of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
building block of proteins
amino acids
building block of lipids
fatty acids + glycerol
building block of nucleic acids
nucleotide
organic catalysts, produced within organisms that accelerates specific chemical reactions
enzymes
energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
activation energy
stored energy
potential energy
energy having to do with motion
kinetic energy
first law of thermodynamics
energy can be harnessed and transformed but not created or destroyed
second low of thermodynamics
every transfer of energy increases the entropy of matter in the universe
second low of thermodynamics
every transfer of energy increases the entropy of matter in the universe
ability to do work
energy
continuously increases in the universe as usable energy is converted to lower-quality, less usable form (heat)
entropy
compounds that are directly included in the growth and development of a plants
primary metabolites
organic compounds produced in other metabolic pathways
secondary metabolites
the term for the in vivo synthesis of metabolites
biosynthesis
secondary metabolites such as:
phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids
group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms
alkaloids
organism that synthesize phenolic compounds do so in response to ecological pressure such as pathogen and insect attack, UV radiation and wounding
Phenolics
