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The Changing UK economy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a post industrial economy?

A

Where manufacturing industry declines, to be replaced largely by the service sector and the development of a quaternary sector.

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2
Q

Why is the UK experiencing deindustrialisation ?

A

*Machines and tech have replaced many people in modern industries
*Other countries can produce cheaper goods due to labour costs
*Lack of investment

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3
Q

What percentages of people in the UK worked in each sector in 2016?

A

Tertiary and quaternary - 84%
Secondary - 15%

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4
Q

What does development of information technology involve ?

A

*Computers allow large amounts of data to be stored and accessed quickly
*Internet enables people to communicate instantly across the globe
*Tech continues to develop at a rapid pace

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5
Q

Examples of development of information technology

A

*In 2019, 775,000 people were imploded in IT services
*The UK is one of the worlds leading digital economies

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6
Q

What do service industries involve ?

A

Individuals employed in the service sector produce services rather than goods.

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7
Q

Examples of service industries

A

*In 2019, it contributed 81% of UK economic output, compared with 46% in 1948

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8
Q

What does the finance sector involve?

A

Banking, insurance, securities dealing and fund management

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9
Q

Examples of finance sector

A

*In 2019, the financial sector accounted for 7% of the UKs total economic output and employed 1.1 million people

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10
Q

What does the research sector involve ?

A

*Employs 250,000 highly qualified people
*Contributes to 1.7% of the UKs GDP
*Research is done in universities, private companies and government bodies

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11
Q

Example of research sector - British Antarctica Survey

A

*Employs over 500 highly skilled people in Cambridge, Antarctica and the Arctic
* Research involves the use of ships, aircraft and research stations
*Research in polar regions helps understanding of the Earth and human impacts in its natural systems

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12
Q

What is the BAS currently investigating ?

A

*Future changes in Arctic Sea ice
*Impact of ocean acidification on ecosystems
*Space weather research

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13
Q

Cambridge Science Park

A

*Founded by Trinity College in 1970
Oldest science park in the UK
*It is a concentration of science and technology related businesses and has strong links with the University
*Many businesses are in biotech or technology

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14
Q

Actions taken by Torr Quarry to be more sustainable

A

*60 acres of the site have been landscaped to blend in with surrounding environment
*Regular monitoring of noise, vibration, dust emission and water quality
*In 2010 a decision was made to deepen, rather than widen, the quarry

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15
Q

Technology to reduce harmful emissions

A

Can be used to reduce harmful emissions from power stations + heavy industry

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16
Q

Desulphurisation

A

Can remove harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from power station chimneys

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17
Q

Heavy fines for pollution incidents

A

Can be imposed when an industrial pollution incident occurs

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18
Q

Case study : Nissan

A

*Sunderland branch has 10 wind turbines and 19000 solar panels, generating 11MW of energy ( 7% of electrical requirements, enough to build 31,000 vehicles )
*CO2 levels have reduced by 22.4% since 2005
*Developing hybrid and electric cars

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19
Q

Nissan : SASMI

A

The Skills Academy for Sustainable Manufacturing and Innovation - provides training infrastructure for sustainable manufacturing and the low carbon vehicle industry, and a learning facility for employers, apprentices and students.

20
Q

Why does car manufacturing need to be sustainable ?

A

Fuel Consumption - drilling for oil uses energy and endangers ecosystems, shipping can cause oil spills
Manufacture - manufacturing a car uses as much energy as the car will consume in its lifetime on the road
Air pollution - burning fuels releases pollutants

21
Q

How is car manufacturing sustainable ?

A

*Energy and water used in production has declined
*Dramatic fall in the amount of waste going into landfill at the end of a cars life

22
Q

Greenbelt

A

Green open space surrounding major cities, where further building is not allowed

23
Q

Commute

A

To travel to access a service or job

24
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

When people move from cities to the countryside for a better quality of life

25
Social effects of population decline in the Outer Hebrides
*Fewer people of working age *Increasingly aging population leading to care issues in the future *Decreasing number of school children leads to closure of schools
26
Economic effects of population decline in Outer Hebrides
Farming - most crofts can only provide work for 2 days a week Fishing - severe decline in fishing boats Tourism - infrastructure is unable to handle high levels of tourism
27
Social effects of population growth in South Cambridgeshire
*Commuters use services in places that they work, having a negative effect on the local rural economy *80% car ownership leads to increased traffic congestion and reduces demand for public transport *Young people cannot afford high costs of housing, so move away
28
Economic effects of population growth in South Cambridgeshire
*A reduction in agricultural employment as farmers sell their land for housing development *Lack of affordable housing *One of the highest fuel prices in the country due to high demand *Increasing number of migrants from poor parts of Europe puts pressure on services and increases costs
29
Why are UK airports being developed ?
To boost UK economy by creating global links
30
Examples of UK investment in airports
*Aviation sector has annual turnover of £60 billion, contributing £22 billion to the UK's GDP *UK airports handle 2.5 million tonnes of freight per year *Nearly 300 million passengers arrive and depart the UK yearly
31
Airport case study
Project to build a 3rd runway at Heathrow is expected to cost £19 billion. Expected to boost regional economy to £61 billion and create 77,000 jobs.
32
Why are UK ports being developed ?
The UK ports industry is the largest in Europe due to the length of the coastline and the UK's trading industry.
33
Examples of UK investments in ports
Southampton, a popular passenger port, has 1.7 million passengers annually from cruise companies, and is the UK's second largest container terminal. Aberdeen - £350 million harbour improvements to support offshore wind industry.
34
Port case study
Liverpool2 - involved the construction of a deep water quay on the River Mersey at a cost of £400 million. Doubled the ports capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year. Created 5000 jobs and reduces freight traffic on the roads.
35
Why is UK rail being developed ?
To stimulate growth in the north of the UK by improving the rail network.
36
Examples of UK investment in rail
*Leeds to get £200 million to plan tram or other transit system *HS2 - a £98 billion plan for a high speed rail line between London, Birmingham and Manchester
37
Rail case study
Crossrail - links Reading, Heathrow, Shenfield and Abbeywood. Will improve journey times, ease congestion and improve better access to the underground. Will bring an additional 1.5 million people within 45 minute commuting distance to London. Cost of £19 million.
38
Why are UK roads being developed ?
To improve capacity and improve the condition of UK roads.
39
Roads case study
The A303 super-highway is part of a £2 billion investment of road widening to be undertaken in the next 15 years. It will create a super-highway by converting all roads to carriageways and creating links between existing roads.
40
What is the north-south divide ?
The south tends to enjoy higher standards of living, longer life expectancy and higher incomes. It also has higher house prices, more congestion and 'less happiness'.
41
What caused the north-south divide ?
In the 1900s, the manufacturing-based north suffered economic decline due to competition from developing countries. However, the fast-growing service sector in London and the south-east led to a boost in jobs and opportunities in the south.
42
Foreign investment in the north
*Nissan at Washington in Tyne and Wear opened in 1984 *Mitsubishi at Livington, Edinburgh opened in 1975 *Siemens at Hull opened in 2017, manufacturing offshore wind turbine blades
43
The Northern Powerhouse Rail Project
Forecast to boost the economy by £14 billion a year by 2060 and will create 74,000 jobs.
44
Examples of money invested in Northern transport improvements
*HS2 and the electrification of the TransPennine railway *Liverpool2 *The Merseyside Gateway - a 6 lane toll bridge over the River Mersey to improve access to Liverpool2
45
Local Enterprise Partnerships
Voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses. Aim to identify business needs in local areas and encourage companies to invest. Creates more jobs.
46
Enterprise zones
Aim to encourage establishment of new businesses, creating jobs in areas where there were no pre-existing businesses. The government supports businesses in these zones by : *providing businesses rate discount of us to £270,000 over a 5 year period *Simpler planning regulations to speed up establishment *Superfast broadband
47
Lancashire LEP
Secured a £1 billion growth plan involving over 50 initiatives. Highlights include : *Investment in the LAMEC will support 10,000 new jobs in the engineering, chemical and energy sector *£6.2 million investment in the Lancashire energy HQ in Blackpool, a national centre of training for the energy sector *£12 million improvements to access and traffic flow in and around Blackburn

geography (6 decks)

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