The changing state of the climate system (atmosphere, ocean and cryosphere) Flashcards
Extremely warm (more than __ warmer than the ______ average) summer temperatures over northern hemisphere land mass had only __% from 1951 to 1980. During ______ the probability increased to __%.
3 degrees C 1951-1980 0.1 2005-2015 14.5
Cold summer temperatures (less than ___ cooler than 1951-1980 average) over N hemisphere land mass occurring __% from ____ reducing to __% during _____.
0.5 33 1951-1980 5 2005-2015
Quantify how much ice wastage has occurred in Greenland since _____. Where has this been concentrated?
1992
3800 Gt
The margins - the interiors remain in balance
Quantify how much ice wastage has occurred in Antarctica since _____. Where has this been concentrated?
1992
2600 Gt
Amundsen Sea Embayment and WAIS
EAIS in balance
Greenland ice sheet contributes __ mm / yr to GSLR during _____. (IPCC 2019)
0.8
2005-2015
Antarctica ice sheet contributes __ mm / yr to GSLR during ____. (IPCC 2019)
0.4 mm / yr
2005-2015
Mountain glaciers contributes __ mm / yr to GSLR during ____. (IPCC 2019)
0.4
2005-2015
Groundwater abstraction contributes __ mm / yr to GSLR during ____. (IPCC 2019)
0.4
2005-2015
Name 3 locations where RSL is decreasing?
Gulf of Alaska
Hudson Bay
Finland
What were the [carbon dioxide] in 1958 when measuring began at the Mauna Loa Observatory by Keeling?
<320 ppm
What were the [carbon dioxide] pre-industrial?
280 ppm
What were the [carbon dioxide] today?
> 400 ppm
Where has the largest transfer of heat energy occurred?
The ocean has absorbed >90% of the excess energy caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect - transfer of heat to oceans. Although the larger specific heat capacity means it’s temperature hasn’t risen as much as the land - land-sea contrast.
Has this transfer of heat been uniform throughout the ocean?
Concentrated in the upper 2 km - well-mixed surface.
What has been the average heating rate since 1960, and then averaged over 2010-2018?
- 47 Wm-2
0. 87 Wm-2
