The changing economic world Nigeria/Jamaica

Question 1

Write a 9 marker introduction to Nigeria:

Answer 1

The case study I have learned about is Nigeria, a country located in the central west of Africa coasting the Atlantic Ocean. with an equatorial latitude between 0-15º North it borders Cameroon, Benin and Niger.

Question 2

What is Nigeria’s global importance?

Answer 2

• its predicted to have the biggest GDP growth between 2010-15.
• it is the 12th largest oil producer and gets majority of its revenue from it.
  -it has also developed more jobs in telecoms and financial services (banking)
  -it is the 5th biggest contributor to UN peacekeeping around the world

Question 3

What is Nigeria’s importance within Africa?

Answer 3

-Nigeria has the largest economy and GDP in Africa
-it has the 3rd largest manufacturing sector
-despite having land ownership quarrels, it is still the largest farming exporter, with 70% of its population being employed in the industry.
-has the largest population of 182 million

Question 4

Outline one way that Nigeria is important globally:

Answer 4

Nigeria is the 12th largest oil exporter globally, meaning several countries rely on it for energy to power their industries which helps their development (such as powering an expanding manufacturing sector)

Question 5

Outline one way that Nigeria is important within Africa:

Answer 5

Nigeria has the higher GDP and the biggest economy within Africa meaning that it plays a vital role in trade with other African nations as well as being politically involved.

Question 6

Describe the political context behind Nigeria:

Answer 6

-prior the 1960’s, Nigeria was under the British Empire so its economy was fully governed by Britain and the country was exhausted of a productive population and its natural wealth.
-in the 1960’s Nigeria gained independence but experienced many civil wars and dictatorships.
-in 1999 Nigeria achieved a stable government with free elections.
-foreign companies are starting to invest into Nigeria to house their implantations

Question 7

Describe the social context behind Nigeria:

Answer 7

-Nigeria is diverse, having a multi ethnic and faith population which may also lead to conflict
-fundamentalists have made the country unstable
-disparities in the economy of the north and south have caused tensions to rise ethnically and religiously.
-in the 1960’s, Nigeria experienced a civil war when one group tried to separate from the rest of Nigeria.

Question 8

Describe the cultural context behind Nigeria:

Answer 8

-Nigeria has their own music style and film industry (Nollywood) which is enjoyed throughout the world.
-has the 2nd largest film industry in the world
-Nigerian teams have won the African cup of Nations and Nigerian players have played in the Premier League.

Question 9

Describe the environmental context behind Nigeria:

Answer 9

-the north is under Savannah and Sahel desert
-the south is wetter forests
-in the south the Tsetse fly spreads lethal parasites to pasture disabling farmers from keeping their livestock.

Question 10

Explain how development in manufacturing stimulates economic development (6 marks):

Answer 10

the case study I’ve learned was Nigeria, who after achieving a stable government in 1999, has attracted the investment of TNCs such as Shell, to establish oil refineries in the country which has brought many job opportunities for the locals to earn better incomes and boost the country’s economy. Shell firms import components or products for Nigerians to handle, this helps them progress from primary jobs that handle raw (lower valued) materials to secondary (higher paying jobs). with a higher source of income, locals are able to better their life quality by spending more on local businesses. both people and businesses contribute more taxes to the government to fund the multiplier effect, which may improve the country’s infrastructure or other development aspects such as tourism, which attracts more TNC investments. this boost Nigeria’s economy making it able to invest more on education and healthcare.

Question 11

State the social advantage of TNCs:

Answer 11

TNC creates many job opportunities that progress Nigeria’s primary economy to secondary, Shell had employed 65,000 Nigerians.

Question 12

State the economic advantage of TNCs:

Answer 12

TNCs pay taxes to the country’s government which are often huge amounts, the country can then invest that money in the multiplier effect which helps the population and workers of the TNCs

Question 13

State the environmental advantage of TNCs:

Answer 13

Many TNCs support the growth of Nigeria’s energy sector, for example Shell is investing in renewable energy.

Question 14

State the social disadvantage of TNCs:

Answer 14

Some have been accused of human right abuses against locals, for example Shell oil has been accused of crimes against the Ogoni people for their neglect after the Niger Delta oil spill.

Question 15

State the economic disadvantage of TNCs:

Answer 15

Oil theft and sabotage result in loss of products and accidents. Gas and oil lines are left dismantled of damaged after oil thieves which reduced production and costs billions of $.

Question 16

State the environmental disadvantage of TNCs:

Answer 16

TNCs have polluted the environment in terms of past, for example, Shell oil has had many oil spills that have caused the contamination of water and soil degradation, which subsequently results in poorer agricultural and fishing yields.

Question 17

Why did Nigeria need to receive international aid?

Answer 17

-60% of the population were living in poverty (living off of less than 63p per day)
-they had limited access to adequate water, stable electricity and health and education services.
-high infant mortality rates and a lower life expectancy
-high levels of HIV amongst the children.

Question 18

Define long term / developmental aid:

Answer 18

Sustainable help which aims to improve resilience.

Question 19

Define short term aid:

Answer 19

Temporary emergency help to help recovery from natural disasters

Question 20

Define multilateral aid:

Answer 20

Help that is supplied when a richer government funds an international organisation to distribute equally amongst poorer countries most in need

Question 21

Define bilateral aid:

Answer 21

Help provided from one country to another.

Question 22

Disadvantages of aid in Nigeria:

Answer 22

-corruption of governments or people has lead to aid being distributed amongst the wrong people or lost.
-some of the money may have been spent on Navy’s supplies
-Donors of the aid may have political influence on who receives or doesn’t receive the aid, this can often be used to promote themselves to other countries.

Question 23

Advantages of aid in Nigeria:

Answer 23

-Nets for life supplied households with education on Malaria and has supplied nets to prevent the spread of the disease.
-the World Bank has lent funds to local businesses to diversify the economy away from being oil based so new businesses and industries can develop, meaning that the country becomes less dependant on TNCs and there is less economic leakage.
-the UK has provided education services and health programmes on HIV to reduce infection rates as well as helping locals be able to be employed at better jobs to work for a higher income.

Question 24

What 3 factors of economic growth has affected the environment?

Answer 24

-industrial growth
-urban growth
-mining and oil extraction

Question 25

Describe how mining and oil extraction has caused damage to the environment:

Answer 25

Oil spills in the Niger Delta have caused damage to marine life and freshwater ecosystems, additionally they can start fires which release CO₂ into the air, the build up of greenhouse gases decrease air quality locally. Mining extractions also create acid rain which falls onto the environment and affecting its fertility.

Question 26

Describe how industrial waste has caused damage to the environment:

Answer 26

Nigeria’s industrial growth is happening rapidly, with 10,000 illegal small-scale industries going unchecked, this has created environmental issues.

Industrial waste is being improperly disposed of into lakes and rivers, contaminating the water with toxic chemicals

Question 27

Describe how urban growth has caused damage to the environment:

Answer 27

squatter settlements are becoming more common, these places often have high levels of disease and low life expectancies. people may have limited access to water, healthcare and education.

70-80% of Nigeria’s forests have been deforested due to logging, agriculture and urban development.

Question 28

Positive effects of economic development to Nigeria’s quality of life:

Answer 28

-national and regional wealth can be distributed amongst the country to improve their quality of life through the government receiving taxes which fund the betterment of education and healthcare which reduces disease.
-employment opportunities have improved, progressing into more secondary positions, people take up higher paying jobs which require less manual work, therefore people are exposed to less disease and injury which improves their quality of life, with their higher incomes they can also spend more to raise their standard of life.
-disposable incomes (the incomes people are left with after tax is deducted) and taxes to the government help improve the accessibility of education to youth, meaning that there will be better job opportunities to earn higher incomes with more advanced skills meaning the potential for the population to afford a better quality of life increases.

Question 29

Negative effects of economic development to Nigeria’s quality of life:

Answer 29

-due to Nigeria’s rapid economic growth, 10,000 small-scale industries have been established which supply poorly conditioned jobs that are unstable, risking workers being exposed to hazardous work and diseases.
-because of Nigeria’s heavy reliance on the investment of TNCs such as Shell, their economy cannot grow optimally due to economic leakage, as their land is only bought to establish plantations and not headquarters.
-corruption has caused taxes to not go fully to governments therefore investment is prevented whilst the gap between the richest and poorest widens.