The changing economic world (HIC) Flashcards
UK
State reasoning behind deindustrialisation changing the UK’s economic structure:
- One reason for the UK’s economic change is due to mechanisation. This is where businesses and farms rely on automated machinery, which is more reliable and cheaper than human labour leading to less jobs being available in the primary sector and more people become employed in the secondary sector.
State reasoning behind globalisation changing the UK’s economic structure:
- One reason for the UK’s change in economy is due to globalisation, which is how the UK has become more interconnected with other countries regarding trade and communication. Many manufacturing companies have moved abroad to function in NEE’s, where job wages are lower, there is a less educated work force and fewer regulations to follow, making production elsewhere other than the UK much cheaper meaning a higher profit can be generated. Companies such as M&S have moved to India for example, declining the UK’s manufacturing industry.
State reasoning behind government policies changing the UK’s economic structure:
- One reason behind the UK’s changing economy is due to government policies which have tried to encourage the population to become more qualified for tertiary and quaternary jobs by increasing university attendance to 50% of young people. this made the UK’s economy shift from secondary to tertiary jobs as people came out of education with higher aspirations and qualifications.
Describe a post-industrial economy:
where the manufacturing sector declines to be substituted for service (tertiary) sectors and the consequential growth of the quaternary sector.
What are examples of post-industrial industries:
- IT
- Services
- Finance
- Research
IT (what it is, how its developed our post industrial economy, how it affected the economy)
Businesses who use computers/ hardwares to store, process and use data supporting other businesses (NHS) and the governments.
- helps improve global communication to be quick and easy
- helps people to work from home
- attracts investments from abroad
- employs 1.3 million people
Services / Finance
Businesses who works for a client, and can supply goods but is not involved in its manufacturing
Businesses common in the City of London which provide services that handle money.
- Services have increased rapidly since the 1970’s
- The UK is the world’s leading sector for financial services.
- financial services contribute 10% of the UK’s GDP, employing over 2 million people
Research
Businesses that develops knowledge into products requiring university level expertise.
increased the need for universities and higher valued people
contributed £3 billion to the economy employing over 60,000 people
How has the development of IT affected the growth and characteristics of the UK’s economy: (6)
the development of IT has enabled the UK’s economy to shift from a secondary (manufacturing) economy to a post-industrial economy, including the growth of the tertiary and consequently the quaternary sector. Tertiary service jobs such as doctors, engineers and teacher involve businesses who require people of higher expertise (with university level education) to store, protect and use their data; for example the NHS. this therefore has driven the UK to encourage people to have higher aspirations coming out of education to advance to university to qualify for these jobs, shifting away from tertiary jobs. this has changed the UK’s economy, increasing people who have degrees are more desirable for these quaternary jobs as they are known for being the ‘knowledge economy’
What is the difference between a science and business park?
Science parks is a group of scientific and quaternary sector businesses located on one site. a business park is an area comprised of many businesses.
whilst science parks are planned quaternary dominating industrial complexes, business parks are small in size and can both include businesses and manufacturing companies.
What are the characteristics and their reasoning of science parks and business parks?
- science parks: located close to / within university grounds (they want to employ university graduates and want to be influenced by their innovations to develop the latest technology)
- good transport links (helps them to connect to others in other cities to exchange knowledge/ products, workers can easily commute to work easily)
- attractive (they want to employ the youth and make them look desirable)
- located close to settlements so workers can be accommodated for.
- business parks: located in the urban fringes as land is cheaper and there is good communication between businesses.
- sustainable: they want to be a long term source of the UK’s economy.
Reasons to why there has been a growth in science / business parks:
- advances in education within the population (more universities such as the 43 in London and the inclusivity of all people) generate more graduates each year to be employed.
- there is a constant need for better technology, better communications between businesses cause there to be more competition
- the more businesses concentrated within a space means they can profit from one another and increase their productivity.
How can industries have a negative impact on the physical environment?
- water pollution
- noise pollution
- air pollution
- industrial waste
- waste in landfill
- huge industrial vehicles
- visual pollution
How can industries become more environmentally sustainable:
- technology: this can help an industry reduce harmful emissions from power stations and heavy vehicles.
- desulphurisation: these can remove toxic gases (oxides) from the gastric waste in power station chimneys
- stricter environmental targets to prevent an industry from emitting too much air pollution and causing too much water/land contamination
- heavier fines when industrial incidents occur.
How has Nissan, Sunderland tried to become more sustainable
- Electric vehicle production
- Energy efficiency
- Waste reduction and recycling
- Water conservation
- Education
Nissan: Explain electrical vehicle production and why its sustainable:
Nissan has introduced LEAF, one of the world’s best selling electric cars which have reduced emissions from burning fossil fuels therefore reduces greenhouse gas emissions. these vehicles don’t rely on finite resources (petrol and diesel) which produce greenhouse gases and particulates such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, preserving the environment’s air quality for future generations.
Nissan: Explain waste reduction and recycling and why its sustainable:
Nissan’s production plant is under a zero-waste-to-landfill policy, minimising the waste produced whilst maximising the waste recycled. this means that they don’t have to extract as many natural resources from the earth which is damaging and also means less toxic chemicals are discarded in landfill exposing the surrounding to air and land pollution.
Nissan: Explain energy efficiency and why its sustainable:
they have tried to implement energy saving measures such as using renewable energy; including the construction of 10 wind turbines and 19,000 solar panels which have reduced their carbon emissions (22.4% since 2005). this means that less fossil fuel are being relied on to being burnt for energy to power operations, so less greenhouse gases are emitted saving finite resources for the future whilst preserving the environment.
Nissan: Explain education and why its sustainable:
SISMA is an academy which looks for the future welfare of Nissan through sustainability. it has provided training infrastructure on site for sustainable manufacturing, low-emission electric vehicle production and training facilities for students, giving them new skills required for the new jobs being made for its sustainability. by innovating the younger generation on Nissan’s sustainability, they ensure that these jobs can be offered as long term placements that don’t compromise the business whilst also creating more jobs that supports its longevity through knowledge, helping it advance and compete with others.
Nissan: Explain water conservation and why its sustainable:
Nissan has tried to limit the usage of water used in vehicle production by harvesting rainwater and through water recycling systems. this ensures that the water used isn’t unnecessarily treated to be used in production and by reducing the water used they reduce what water is contaminated. therefore they preserve water quantities in reservoirs to be distributed to the population and the future needs.
Explain the rural economy’s change in the UK:
the rural economy is growing due to counter urbanisation (as the improved accessibility of the rural areas via roads have allowed people to move there and work remotely) so people have better quality of lives away from the busy and cramped city. this was allowed through the development of communication technology from investments into infrastructure.
