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GCSE Geography > The Changing Economic World: Economy Of The UK > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World: Economy Of The UK Flashcards

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1
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

The decline in secondary employment and the subsequent growth in tertiary and quaternary employment

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2
Q

Why has de-industrialisation occurred in the UK?

A
  • A global shift in manufacturing to NEEs, where wages are lower, working hours are longer and trade unions are sometimes banned
  • An increase in the number of machines used to carry out work (mechanisation)
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3
Q

What is a post-industrial economy?

A

A time when traditional industries have declined and new jobs have had to take their place

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4
Q

Explain the ADVANTAGES of the UK move in the tertiary sector (post-industrial economy)

A
  • Economic growth (mainly due to more global trade)
  • Migration (migrants fill jobs where we have a shortage of skilled workers)
  • Foreign investment (companies invest in UK, bringing new ideas, technology and jobs)
  • High value production (workers are better paid and UK earns more money)
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5
Q

Explain the DISADVANTAGES of the UK move in the tertiary sector (post-industrial economy)

A
  • Less manufacturing (more imports of goods, fewer goods are produced in UK, factories close and jobs lost)
  • Outsourcing jobs (jobs that were done in UK can now be done elsewhere, loss of jobs or lower wages for those still working in UK)
  • Inequality (gap between the low paid unskilled work and high paid skilled work is increasing, hard for low skilled workers to negotiate due to jobs being outsourced)
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6
Q

Globalisation

A

The growth and spread of ideas around the world

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7
Q

Science park

A

A group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site

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8
Q

Business park

A

An area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

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9
Q

Benefits of the location of Cambridge Science Park

A
  • Near 4 London airports (cheaper to receive and send things)
  • Surrounded by motorways and railways (lots of visitors)
  • On green field, edge of Cambridge city (room for expansion)
  • Close to Trinity College (jobs for skilled graduates)
  • Just 50miles from London (near UK’s economic hub)
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10
Q

Benefits of Cambridge Science Park having agglomerated economies

A

Joined venture between lots of different businesses within an area

  • they share ideas
  • attracts workers in different industries
  • all workers are highly skilled and get to choose where they work
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11
Q

Sustainability

A

Meeting the needs of the present without damaging the ability of future generations to live a good life

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12
Q

Why is Cambridge Science Park SUSTAINABLE?

A
  • 132 cycle parking spaces
  • 9 showers
  • 11% commuters car share
  • Energy efficient lightbulbs used both inside and out
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13
Q

Why is Cambridge Science Park UNSUSTAINABLE?

A
  • Built on greenfield site, loss of ecosystems and farmland
  • Site only offers highly skilled jobs
  • 3800 workers travelling to and from it everyday lead to massive traffic congestion and increased air pollution from cars
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14
Q

ADVANTAGES of Torr Quarry

A
  • Over 100 people employed there
  • TQ contributes over £15million toward local economy per year
  • TQ is a nationally important source of construction materials
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15
Q

How is Torr Quarry SUSTAINABLE?

A
  • Characteristic limestone features created to make landscape look natural
  • Quarry being restored to create wildlife lakes and a water supply
  • Regular monitoring of noise, vibration, dust, water quality
  • 3/4 output transported by rail transport-minimises impact on local roads and villages
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16
Q

How is quarrying UNSUSTAINABLE?

A
  • Huge scars in rural landscape, ruined for local people (less tourists and money)
  • Locals suffer noise, dust, light pollution
  • Machines send CO2 into atmosphere (smog, illness, global warming)
  • Deforestation (biodiversity reduced-affects food chain, no gas exchange)
  • Loss of rural space
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17
Q

How has the population in South Cambridgeshire changed?

A
  • Pop. is increasing due to migration in the area from Cambridge, other parts of the UK and Eastern Europe
  • Proportion of people in SC aged 65 or over is growing
18
Q

What are the SOCIAL impacts of population growth in South Cambridgeshire?

A
  • Commuters continue to use services in the places where they work
  • 80% car ownership is increasing traffic on narrow country roads and reducing demand for public transport
  • Young people cannot afford the high cost of houses and move away
19
Q

What are the ECONOMIC impacts of population growth in South Cambridgeshire?

A
  • Reduction in agricultural employment
  • Lack of affordable housing
  • High petrol prices
20
Q

How has the population in the Outer Hebrides changed?

A
  • Overall decline of more than 50% since 1901

* Younger people moving away in search of better jobs and universities

21
Q

What are the SOCIAL impacts of population decline in the Outer Hebrides?

A
  • No. of school children expected to fall over the next few years - may result in school closures
  • Fewer people of working age livng in the Outer Hebrides
  • Increasingly ageing population with fewer young people to support them - care issues in the future
22
Q

What are the ECONOMIC impacts of population decline in the Outer Hebrides?

A
  • Farming - limited amount of hours for workers
  • Fishing - less fishing boats registered and development of fish farming limited due to environmental concerns
  • Tourism - current infrastructure unable to support scale of tourism needed for alternative source of income
23
Q

Transport infrastructure - road improvements

A
  • 2014 gov announced £15 billion ‘Road Investment Strategy.’
  • Aim: to increase capacity and improve condition of UK roads
  • Will create thousands of construction jobs and boost local and regional economies
24
Q

Road improvements - South-west ‘super highway’

A
  • Traffic flow on main route to the south-west can be ‘stop-start’
  • At peak times, the road can become heavily congested
  • £2 billion road-widening project will create hundreds of construction jobs
  • Scheme will involve digging a 3km tunnel beneath Stonehenge
25
Q

Transport infrastructure - Railway improvements

A

•Electrification of the Trans-Pennine Express Railway between Manchester and York by 2020 will reduce journey times

26
Q

Railway improvements - HS2

A
  • £50 billion plan for a new high speed rail line to connect London, Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester
  • May be extended to Newcastle and into Scotland
  • Scheme due for completion in 2033
27
Q

Arguments for HS2

A
  • Could grow industries in the north
  • Will create 100,000 jobs
  • Will increase the UK’s GDP
  • Will reduce transport costs
28
Q

Arguments against HS2

A
  • People’s properties will be destroyed and rural landscape will be ruined
  • Very expensive and cost will increase when built
  • Money could be used to boost businesses in other ways
29
Q

Port improvements - Liverpool2

A
  • £300 million project to construct a new container terminal at the Port of Liverpool
  • Will double the port’s capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year
  • Will create thousands of jobs, boost economy of the north-west and reduce the amount of traffic on the roads
30
Q

Transport infrastructure - Airport improvements

Opportunities for expanding Heathrow Airport

A
  • Connect more British exporters to global markets
  • 70,000 new jobs
  • 40 new destinations
  • Economic boost
  • New green spaces
  • Increase apprenticeships in airport
31
Q

Transport infrastructure - Airport improvements

Problems for expanding Heathrow Airport

A
  • 750 homes destroyed
  • Increased CO2 emissions
  • Noise and pollution
  • Taxpayer contribution is very expensive
32
Q

Why is there a north-south divide in the UK?

A
  • The decline of heavy industry has had a greater negative impact on the north
  • The post-industrial economy has benefitted the south more
  • This has led to both social and economic indicators being better in the south of the UK than the north
33
Q

How can we reduce the north-south divide in the UK?

 The Northern Powerhouse
A
  • Gov.’s plan to reduce the inequality between the north and south
  • Attracting investment into the north
  • Improving transport links between northern cities
  • Has been criticised for being more of a concept than an actual plan
34
Q

How can we reduce the north-south divide in the UK?

 Devolving powers to local government
A

•Giving local governments more power to allow them to use money on schemes they feel will best benefit the local community.

35
Q

The UK in the wider world: TRADE

A
  • The UK’s most important trading links are with the EU.
  • The USA is an important historic trading partner, with a recent growth in trade with China.
  • Largest export destination: Germany.
  • Largest import destination: China.
36
Q

The UK in the wider world: CULTURE

A
  • The UK’s strongest creative industries mean that UK culture is exported worldwide.
  • Television is one of the UK’s most successful media exports.
37
Q

The UK in the wider world: TRANSPORT

A
  • London Heathrow - one of the busiest airports in the world - provides links to countries around the world.
  • Channel Tunnel - providing a route from the UK to Europe.
38
Q

The UK in the wider world: COMMUNICATION

A
  • 99% of all internet traffic passes along a network of submarine high-power cables.
  • The UK is a focus for these submarine cables within connections concentrated between the UK and the USA.
  • Arctic Fibre - first cables between London and Tokoyo, linking Europe and Asia.
39
Q

The UK’s economic and political links: REMAIN with the EU

A
  • Low prices of goods.
  • Citizens are free to move from one member country to another.
  • More jobs are generated.
  • Workers are protected.
40
Q

The UK’s economic and political links: LEAVE the EU

A
  • Not all policies are efficient.
  • Overcrowding.
  • The ‘single currency’ poses a great problem.
  • It is costly to be a member of the EU.
41
Q

What is the commonwealth?

A
  • A group of 53 countries most of which were once British colonies which exists to improve the well being of everyone in Commonwealth countries.
  • 2014 Glasgow hosted Commonwealth Games:

+contributed £750 million to Scottish economy; opportunity to redevelop derelict areas; Glasgow became globalised.

-increased development gap; areas bulldozed and not rebuilt.

GCSE Geography (15 decks)

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