The Changing Economic World Flashcards

Question

What is infant mortality

Answer 1

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 year expressed as 1000 live births per year.

Answer 2

Social measure – provides a good indication of access to healthcare, nutrition etc. A lower value indicates a higher level of development.

Answer 3

The average number of years from birth that a person can expect to live for.

Answer 4

Social measure – indicative of access to healthcare, nutrition and other social goods. Higher value indicates greater development.

Answer 5

1. Data can be out of date 2. Data can be hard to collect 3. Data may be unreliable (eg: infant mortality rate in some locations is often higher than expected) 4. Only focuses on certain aspects of development, may not take other aspects into account 5. Government corruption causes unreliable data

Answer 6

Birth rate - Death rate of population

Answer 7

Demographic Transition Model A model of how population changes over time

Answer 8

High death rates High birth rates A low total population that increases slowly

Answer 9

Lack of doctors and healthcare No sanitation Famine

Answer 10

Lack of contraception or family planning High infant mortality rate (dying during childhood)

Answer 11

Low, falling death rates High birth rates Total population continues to rise quickly

Answer 12

Improved healthcare and sanitation Lower infant mortality rate Farming

Answer 13

Stage 1 reasons Religions often promote families

Answer 14

Slow decreasing death rates Low, rapid birth rates The total population quickly increases

Answer 15

Available contraception and family planning Lower infant mortality rates due to healthcare

Answer 16

Medical technology continues to improve, and is more accessible even to poor Women get the vote and prioritise careers

Answer 17

Low birth rates Low death rates Total population rises slowly and begins too peak

Answer 18

More women attend university, pursue high paying careers Women have children later in life

Answer 19

More children survive for adulthood Cured diseases are more common

Answer 20

Slow, increasing death rates Low, increasing birth rates Population slowly starts to decrease

Answer 21

More children becomes increasingly expensive Women have fewer children in later life

Answer 22

Poor lifestyle choices Increasingly elderly population - unable to have children

Answer 23

Andaman Islands

Answer 24

South Africa

Answer 25

A developing country

Answer 26

A developed country

Answer 27

(%population < 15) + (%population > 65)/ working age population % x 100

Answer 28

Population pyramids don’t just show you population numbers, but also the structure of your population (e.g. % or number of males / females in each age group).

Answer 29

Shape Size of bars

Answer 30

Poverty Colonialisation War Priorities Climate related diseases Water supply Debt Political instability

Answer 31

Low wages Little food money Poor nutrition Limited access to clean water Few job opportunities Low standard of living Low farm yields Low education levels Little work energy Poor health

Answer 32

Disease Landlocked countries Extreme weather Lack of adequate supplies

Answer 33

Poverty causing poverty Low life expectancy rates Frequent illness Lack of nutritional diet Rich countries can keep getting richer Poor countries can keep getting poorer

Answer 34

Sending money online to someone

Answer 35

1. Boost the receiving country's GNI 2. In countries such as Somalia, remittances account for more of the country's wealth than international trade

Answer 36

1. Countries become too dependent on remittance and if there is problems sending money to the receiving country, this can have a large knock of effects on the economy 2. Money sent abroad could be used to fund extremism (eg: Al Shabaab in Somalia or Boko Haram in Nigeria)

Answer 37

Debt relief Fairtrade Aid Tourism Industrial development Microfinance loans Investments Intermediate technology

Answer 38

The development of industry, such as factories and infrastructure

Answer 39

The provision of financial help (mainly money) to small businesses and private enterprises which do not have access to banking services

Answer 40

The action or process of investing money for profit. Usually from a HIC to a LIC

Answer 41

Industrial development can allow the LIC to increase its income as a way to reduce the development gap. It will be producing more profitable value added goods rather than primary products (eg: oil, water, fish)

Answer 42

The movement of people from place to place

Answer 43

Economic migration: moving to find work or follow a particular career path Social migration: moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends Political migration: moving to escape political persecution or war Environmental migration: moving due to environmental reasons, such as escaping natural disasters such as flooding, or climate change

Answer 44

Those that force a person to move/leave a place

Answer 45

Those that encourage a person to move to a place

Answer 46

Someone who moves out of their original country permanently

Answer 47

Someone who moves from one country to another foreign country permanently

Answer 48

A person who moves out voluntarily to seek a better life

Answer 49

Voluntary focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of moving Forced only focuses on the disadvantages

Answer 50

Someone who is forced to move out of their home due to natural disasters, war, persecution or political instability

Answer 51

A person forced to move out of their home, but stays in the same country or origin

Answer 52

Uneven development can lead to people moving across borders in pursuit of higher wages and a better standard of living / quality of life. This is known as economic migration. Since 2004, more than 1.5 million Polish nationals have moved to the UK because it’s relatively low ~2% unemployment rate (pull-factor), compared with Poland’s high ~10% unemployment rate (push-factor). In addition to a greater chance of employment, higher wages in HICs versus NEEs can be a major contributing factor in people’s decision to move. Other push factors, might include: lack of infrastructure; lack of educational opportunities; and, poor quality healthcare.

Answer 53

The transfer of resources from a HIC to an LIC. Aid includes money, equipment, food, training, skilled people and loans

Answer 54

Multilateral International Voluntary Short term Long term Tied Bilateral

Answer 55

A gift, which can take the form of money, goods or services, given to a developing country. Unlike a loan, international aid does not have to be repaid at a later date. International aid is managed by a country’s government (e.g. the Department for International Development in the UK).

Answer 56

Where individuals, primarily in HICs, donate money or goods to charities like Oxfam. Where international aid is long-term and targeted, voluntary aid is usually short-term and focuses on individual crises (e.g. 2020 Beirut explosion).

Answer 57

Aid from one country to another

Answer 58

Aid given with certain conditions eg: the recipient has to spend the aid money on the donor country's products

Answer 59

When richer governments give money to an international organisation such as the World Bank, which then redistributes the money as aid to poorer countries

Answer 60

Sustainable aid that seeks to improve resilience (eg: wells to reduce the effect of drought, or improvements in agriculture)

Answer 61

Emergency help usually in response to a natural disaster (eg: earthquake, volcano)

Answer 62

Simple, easily learned and maintained technology used in a range of economic activities serving local needs in LICs.

Answer 63

Cheap costs Good reliability Good sustainability Creates opportunities

Answer 64

Still costly Must be treated well throughout (needs to be achievable and meet peoples needs)

Answer 65

The most successful forms of international aid are those that are sustainable. In this case, sustainability means that any aid should be able to meet the needs of the current generation without damaging the prospects of future generations. For example, large infrastructure projects like the Grand Inga project in the DRC were to be financed by loans from the World Bank. This means the initial loans and interest have to be repaid, which can increase the time taken for these projects to return a profit to the recipient country. Furthermore, without the right training and equipment, large infrastructure projects can be difficult to maintain, to ensure they provide good value for money. Additionally, large hydropower projects often require the flooding of land, resulting in habitat destruction, which can negatively affect their sustainability. However, projects like Oxfam Goat Aid, are much more sustainable, as: the goats provide a good food source (i.e. milk, cheese and meat); their dung can be used as fertiliser for crops; milk can be sold for profit; goats can be easily bred for profit. All of these factors help improve people’s quality of life and level of development, without the need for complex technology or advanced skills to ensure their long-term sustainability.

Answer 66

Taxes paid on imports by the importer. They make imported goods more expensive and less attractive than home produced goods.

Answer 67

Limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported. They are usually applied to primary products, so they mainly affect poorer countries.

Answer 68

When countries do not charge tariffs and quotas to restrict trade with each other. This has the potential to benefit the world’s poorest countries and help reduce the development gap. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) aims to make trade easier and remove barriers.

Answer 69

A financial barrier to Free trade Financial support from governments to help their farmers. Rich countries can afford to pay subsidies and so their products are cheaper than those produced by poorer countries. This goes against Free Trade.

Answer 70

Countries which are grouped together to increase the level of trade between them by cutting tariffs and discouraging trading with non members.

Answer 71

EU (European Union)

Answer 72

1. Encourages trade between member countries 2. Richer countries cannot shop around to get cheaper products 3. Members can command a greater share of the market 4. Members are able to get higher prices for their goods

Answer 73

A system where agricultural producers in countries at lesser stages of development are paid a fair price for their produce. This helps them to attain a reasonable standard of living

Answer 74

Farmer gets all his money back from the sale of his crop Farmers are guaranteed a fair price Part of the price is invested in local community development projects In return, the farmer must agree to farm in an environmentally friendly way The product gains a stronger position in the global market

Answer 75

Forgiving a debt in part or in total (writing it off)

Answer 76

HIPC – Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Guyana – public hospitals provide free healthcare, not possible restructuring of national debts In 1999 total foreign debt of HIPC was worth 457% of exports Current rates of borrowing began in 1970s, when commodity prices were high and expected to remain high. Interest rates increased in the 1980s and commodity prices fell. More than 35 countries, including Guyana, are receiving over $117 billion of debt relief from creditors (part of their debts is being cancelled) Guyana reduced interest payments by £60 million a year, and increased social spending by 25%. Uganda is receiving $3.7 billion in multilateral debt relief. In 1990s, Uganda spent 20% of export revenues paying off debts, as of 2010, it pays just 5% of export revenues. Uganda’s rural transpiration budget has doubled over the past decade to $15.5 million per year to help facilitate the movement of goods. This has helped to increase income, as people are able to transport goods to market more easily. Debt stock of 35 HIPCs has dropped from $141 billion to $23 billion as a result of debt relief initiatives.

Answer 77

The movement of people to places outside their normal places of work and community, the activities carried out during their holiday, and the facilities created to meet to their needs

Answer 78

Foreign currency spent by tourists can be invested in improving local education, health and other services. Jobs for local people are created and people can learn new skills in tourism services. Construction creates jobs and develops skills for local people. Local infrastructure is improved as water and sanitation facilities, roads, buses, taxis and airports are provided for tourists. Visitors get an insight into local customs and traditions. Tourists see beautiful landscapes, wildlife and plants. They can also be educated about the dangers to fragile ecosystems in the modern world.

Answer 79

Profits go to foreign companies, such as tour operators and hotel chains, rather than to the local community. Foreign companies may bring foreign workers to do the skilled jobs; so local people only do low skilled, poorly paid work. House prices rise when foreign companies and investors buy property for hotels and holiday homes. This often makes houses too expensive for locals. Important projects for local communities might be side-lined as infrastructure developments are focused on tourists. If the aim of activities is to entertain, rather than educate tourists, this may belittle the local people. Pollution and disruption to wildlife habitats could occur if tourism isn't sustainable