The challenges of Natural Hazards

Question 1

whats the crust ?

Answer 1

The crust varies in thickness (5-10 km) beneath the ocean. Made up of several large plates.

Question 2

Whats the Mantle?

Answer 2

Widest layer of the Earth (2900 Km thick). The heat and pressure means that the rock is in a liquid state of convection.

Question 3

Name the part of the Earth that is the hottest section (5000 degrees). Mostly made of iron and nickle and is 4x denser than the crust. The inner section is solid whereas the outer section is liquid.

Answer 3

The inner core and the outer core.

Question 4

Ash Could?

Answer 4

Small pieces of pulverized rock and glass which are thrown into the atmosphere.

Question 5

What is the name called that the sulfur dioxide,water vapor and carbon dioxide come out of the volcano?

Answer 5

Gas

Question 6

Lahar ?

Answer 6

A volcanic mud flow which usually runs down the valley on the side of the volcano.

Question 7

What is the fast moving current of super heated gas and ash (1000 Celsius ). They travel at 450 mph?

Answer 7

Pyrolastic flow

Question 8

Volcanic bomb?

Answer 8

A thick (vicious) lava fragment that is ejected from the volcano.

Question 9

Warning signs of a volcano?

Answer 9

• Small earthquakes are caused as the magma rises up.
• Temperature around the volcano rises as the activity increases.
• When the volcano is close to erupting it start to release gases.

Question 10

Monitoring techniques of a volcano?

Answer 10

• Siesmometres are used to detect earthquakes.
• Thermal imaging and satellite cameras can be used to detect heat around the volcano.
• Gas samples may be taken and chemical sensors used to measure sulfur levels.

Question 11

Preparation for a volcano ?

Answer 11

• Creating an exclusion zone around the volcano.
• Being ready and able to evacuate residents.
• Having an emergency supply of basic provisions such as food.
• Trained emergency services and a good communication system.

Question 12

What is a convection current?

Answer 12

The crust is divided into tectonic plates that are moving due to convection currents in the mantle.

Question 13

Explain a convection current

Answer 13

1) Radioactive decay of some of the elements in the core and mantle generate a lot of heat,
2) When lower parts of the mantle molten rock (magma) heat up they become less dense and slowly rise.
3) As they move towards the top they cool down becoming more dense and slowly sink.
4) The circular movements of semi-molten rock are convection currents.
5) Convection currents create drag on the base of the tectonic plate and this causes them to move.

Question 14

Natural Hazard?

Answer 14

A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death,injury or disruption to humans,property and possessions.

Question 15

What type of hazard are hazards caused by the land and tectonic processes?

Answer 15

Geological Hazards

Question 16

Meteorological Hazard?

Answer 16

These are hazards caused by weather and climate

Question 17

What causes an earthquake to occur?

Answer 17

Earthquakes are caused when two plates become locked causing friction to build up. From the stress the pressure will eventually be released this triggers the plates to move into new positions. This movement causes energy in the form of seismic waves to travel from the focus towards the epicenter. As a result the crust vibrates triggering and earthquake.

Question 18

Atmospheric circulation ?

Answer 18

Is the large scale movement of air by which heat is disturbed on the surface of the earth.

Question 19

Hadley cell?

Answer 19

Largest cell which extends from the equator to between 30 to 40 degrees north and south.

Question 20

Ferrel Cell?

Answer 20

Middle cell where the air flows pole ward between 60 and 70 degrees latitude.

Question 21

Whats the name of the cell that the smallest and weakest cell that occurs from the poles to the Ferrel cell?

Answer 21

Polar Cell

Question 22

Describe the distribution of tropical storms

Answer 22

They are known by many names including hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons. They all occur in a band that lies roughly 5-15 degrees either side of the equator.

Question 23

Describe the stages of the formation of a tropical storm

Answer 23

1) The suns rays heat large areas of the ocean in the summer and the autumn. This causes warm, moist air to rise over particular areas.
2) Once the temperature is 27 degrees Celsius the rising warm, moist air leads to low pressure. This eventually turns into a thunderstorm. This causes air to sucked in from the trade winds.
3) With the trade winds blowing in the opposite direction and the rotation of the earth involving the thunderstorm will eventually start to spin.
4) When the storm spins faster than 74 mph a tropical storm is officially born !
5) With the tropical storm growing on power more cool air sinks to the center of the storm, creating a calm,clear condition called the eye of the storm.
6) When the tropical storm hits land it loses its energy source and it begins to lose strength. Eventually it will blow itself out.

Question 24

What are the primary effects of a tropical storm ?

Answer 24

• The intense winds of tropical storms can destroy whole communities,buildings and communication networks.
• As well as their own destructive energy the winds can generate abnormally high waves called storm surges.
• Sometimes the most destructive element of a storm are these subsequent high sea flooding they cause to coastal areas.

Question 25

State 2 secondary effects of a tropical storm

Answer 25

1) Businesses are damaged or destroyed causing unemployment.
2) People are left homeless which can cause distress, poverty and ill health due to lack of shelter.
3) Shortages of foods as crops are damaged.

Question 26

Typhoon Hiyan causes

Answer 26

Started as a tropical depression n the 2nd November 2013 and gained strength. Becoming a category 5 (super typhoon) and made landfall on the pacific islands of the Philippines.

Question 27

6 ways of managing tropical storms?

Answer 27

1) Protection
2) Aids
3) Development
4) Planning
5) Prediction
6) Education

Question 28

Name 3 effects of typhoon Haiyan

Answer 28

1) Almost 6,500 deaths
2) 130,000 homes destroyed.
3) Water and sewage systems destroyed had caused diseases.

Question 29

Name 3 management techniques of typhoon Haiyan

Answer 29

1) The UN raised £190 million in aid.
2) USA and UK sent helicopter carrier ships to deliver aid remote areas.
3) Education on typhoon preparations.

Question 30

What was the cause of the Somerset levels flooding in 2014?

Answer 30

Intense rainfall twice the average for the time other year fell in just the region during December and January. Rivers bursting their banks and flooded the region which is flat and low lying.

Question 31

Name 2 effects of the flooding in Somerset

Answer 31

1) 600 houses flooded

2) 16 farms evacuated

Question 32

Name 2 management techniques of the Somerset level flooding

Answer 32

1) People used boats to get around
2) Pumping stations installed to drain areas
3) £20 million flood defense scheme

Question 33

Climate change ?

Answer 33

Is a large scale,long term shift in the planets weather patterns or average temperatures. Earth has had tropical climates and ice ages many times in its 4.5 billion years.

Question 34

Name 3 recent evidence of climate change

Answer 34

1) Change in global temperatures
2) Melting ice sheets and glaciers
3) Changing sea levels

Question 35

enhanced green house effect ?

Answer 35

Recently there has been a increase in humans burning fossil fuels for energy. These fuels emit green house gases. This is making the Earths atmosphere thicker therefore trapping more solar radiation and causing less to be reflected. As a result the Earth is becoming warmer.

Question 36

Name 3 evidence of natural change

Answer 36

1) Orbital changes
2) Sun Sports
3) Volcanic eruptions

Question 37

Sate 4 ways in which we can manage climate change

Answer 37

1) Carbon Capture
2) Planting tress
3) International agreements
4) Renewable energy