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SHHS - AQA GCSE Geography > The Challenge of Resource Management > Flashcards

The Challenge of Resource Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a resource?

A

A stock or a supply of something that has a value or purpose

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2
Q

What are the 3 resources people need?

A

Food

Energy

Water

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3
Q

How many people does the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimate fall below the 2000-2400 calories per day needed to live healthily?

A

Over one billion

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4
Q

What is undernutrition?

A

A poorly balance diet lacking in vitamins and minerals

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5
Q

How many people suffer from undernutrition according to the World Health Organisation?

A

Two billion

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6
Q

In which continent are most undernourished people concentrated?

A

Africa

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7
Q

Name some reasons why water is so important?

A

Drinking (domestic)

Irrigating crops (agriculture)

Industry

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8
Q

How many countries does the UN estimate will face water scarcity by 2025?

A

50

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9
Q

In HICs which sector uses the greatest proportion of water?

A

Industry

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10
Q

In LICs which sector uses the greatest proportioin of water?

A

Agriculture

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11
Q

Why is world energy consumption increasing?

A

Countries are developing leading to increased demand

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12
Q

How much has global energy consumption increased since 1970?

A

More than double

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13
Q

Which group of countries are seeing the fastest increase in the demand for energy?

A

NEEs

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14
Q

Name a region with little or no water scarcity?

A

North America

Europe

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15
Q

Name a region with physical water scarcity?

A

Middle East

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16
Q

Why does the UK import so much food?

A

Cheaper from abroad

UK food can be expensive

UK climate unsuitable for some food types eg bananas

Demand for seasonal produce all year

Demand for more choice

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17
Q

What are food miles?

A

The distances travelled by food imported into the UK

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18
Q

How does food production generate a carbon footprint?

A

Emission of carbon dioxide from the energy used in commercial cultivation and transport by planes and lorries

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19
Q

What is food security?

A

Reducing your dependence on imported food and growing more food in the UK

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20
Q

What is agribusiness?

A

Intensive large scale farming aimed at maximising the amount of food produced

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21
Q

What are the charactreristics of agribusinesses?

A

High levels of investment

Modern technology used

Chemical fertilisers used

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22
Q

What is organic produce?

A

Food grown withouit the use of chemicals

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23
Q

Lynford House Farm is an agribusiness in East Anglia. Name its main features?

A

Flat intensively farmed land

Grows wheat, sugar beet and potatoes to make use of the climate

Chemical pesticides and fertilisers used

High machinery costs but low number of actual workers

Has built a 54 million litre reservoir to store water

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24
Q

Riverford Organic Farm in Devon delivers boxes of vegetables to consumers. Name its main features?

A

Reduce food miles

Support local farmers

Provide local employment

Strong link between producer and consumer

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25
Q

How much of the UKs water supply is used for domestic purposes?

A

50%

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26
Q

Why will demand for water in the UK rise by 5% by 2020?

A

Growing population

More houses being built

More water intensive appliances eg washing machines

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27
Q

Define water surplus?

A

Where the supply of water exceeds demand

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28
Q

Define water deficit?

A

Where the demand for water exceeds supply

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29
Q

Wher in the UK is there a water surplus?

A

The north and west

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30
Q

Where in the UK is there a water deficit?

A

The south and east

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31
Q

How much water does the average person in the UK use per day?

A

150 litres

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32
Q

Name 3 ways that water savings can be made?

A

Domestic water meters

Increasing the use of recycled water

More efficient use of domestic appliances

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33
Q

What is ‘grey water’?

A

Waste water from people’s homes

34
Q

How can grey water be recycled?

A

Watering plants

Flushing toilets

35
Q

Name a water transfer scheme?

A

Kielder reservoir transfers water from the Tyne to the Tees, Derwent and Wear

36
Q

Why do people oppose water transfer schemes?

A

Damage to river habitats

High costs

Release of greenhouse gases when pumping water over long distances

37
Q

How does the Environment Agence manage water quality?

A

Monitoring river water quality

Filtering water to remove sediment

Purifying water by adding chlorine

Restricting recreational uses

Impose regulations on water use

38
Q

Why have some groundwater sources deteriorated through pollution?

A

Leaching of chemicals from mine workings

Discharge from industrial sites

Fertiliser runoff from farms

Water from power stations released back into rivers

39
Q

How much of the UKs energy came from fossil fuels in 1990?

A

75%

40
Q

By 2014 how much of the UKs energy supply came from renewables and nuclear?

A

33%

41
Q

Why has demand for energy in the UK declined in recent years?

A

Decline of heavy industry

Energy conservation via low energy appliances, efficient cars and building insulation

42
Q

What proportion of the UKs own oil and gas reserves been depleted?

A

75%

43
Q

What is the UKs target for renewable energy by 2020?

A

To generate 15% of the energy required

44
Q

By 2020 how much of the UKs energy will be imported?

A

75%

45
Q

What is ‘energy security’?

A

When a country generates enough of its own energy internally without relying on imports

46
Q

The remote Mariner oilfield will start producing oil from 2017. Where is it?

A

150km east of the Shetland Isles

47
Q

Coal use has declined over time but why will fossil fuels remain important to the UK?

A

The remaining reserves will not be exhausted for several decades

Coal is cheap to import

Shale gas will be exploited in future

48
Q

How is shale gas extracted (fracking)?

A

High pressure liquids (water, sand and chemicals) are pumped underground to release gas

49
Q

Why is fracking controversial?

A

Possibility of earthquakes

Pollution of underground water sources

High costs of extraction

50
Q

Name the economic impacts of nuclear power?

A

Very expensive to build. £18 billion for Hinkley Point

High costs per unit of electricity

Expensive to decommission

Building boosts jobs and the local economy

51
Q

Name the environmental impacts of nuclear power?

A

Problem of safe storage of radioactive waste products

Warm waster water can harm ecosystems

Risk of radiation leaks

52
Q

Name the economic impacts of wind farms?

A

High construction costs

Can reduce tourism due to appearence

Can also be tourist attractions

Delabole wind farm, Cornwall has reduced local energy bills

53
Q

Name the environmental impacts of wind farms?

A

Negative visual impact on landscape

Reduced gas emissions and carbon footprint

Some noise from the turbines

Construction can harm the environment

54
Q

Name some countries where energy consumption is high?

A

USA

Canada

Australia

UK

55
Q

Name some regions where energy consumtion is low?

A

Africa

South East Asia

56
Q

Why is Russia energy secure?

A

Large reserves of natural gas and oil

Uranium resources to supply nuclear power

57
Q

Why does the Middle East region have an energy surplus?

A

Large oil reserves

58
Q

Why does Western Europe have energy insecurity?

A

Dependent on imports of oil and gas

Low energy efficiency

59
Q

Why does Sub-Saharan Africa suffer from energy insecurity?

A

Dependent on TNCs to extract oil and gas reserves

Rising rates of consumption

60
Q

What are the factors that affect energy supply?

A

Costs of exploitation and production

Physical factors

Political factors

Technology

Climate

61
Q

Which energy source is most expensive?

A

Nuclear power

62
Q

Why is local geology important for energy supply?

A

Fossil fuels laid down in rock layers

Geothermal energy in tectonic areas

63
Q

Why are political factors important for energy supply?

A

Instability affects the ability to produce energy

Western countries want Iran to not develop nuclear power and then convert the technology to weapons

Garmany wants to stop using nuclear power by 2020 due to its risks

UK government has stopped subsidising solar and wing power

64
Q

Why is technology an important factor in the supply of energy?

A

Advances allow more remote or deeper reserves to be exploited

Advances can reduce costs

65
Q

Why is climate an important factor in the supply of energy?

A

It determines the availability of solar and wing energy

High rainfall will affect the use of Hydro-electric power (HEP)

66
Q

Why does economic development affect energy consumption?

A

NEEs will account for 90% growth in demand by 2035 as people become wealthier and use more technology/transport

67
Q

Why does rising population affect energy consumption?

A

By 2025 world population will rise to 9 billion. These people will require energy for technology/transport/lighting/heating etc

68
Q

How can a country increase its energy supply?

A

Try to further exploit its own energy sources

Import more energy from other countries

Reduce energy consumption through tecnology and energy saving

69
Q

Name 2 remote regions where we can now exploit energy resources?

A

Amazonia

Antarctica

70
Q

What has made it possible to exploit resources in remote areas?

A

New cost effective technologies

71
Q

Name the economic costs of oil and gas exploitation in the Arctic?

A

Demand for higher wages

Increased transport costs due to remote location

Special expensive equipment needed due to extreme cold

72
Q

Name the environmental costs of oil and gas exploitation in the Arctic?

A

Strict controls needed to prevent damage

Transport can damage the environment

Pollution from spills

73
Q

What percentage of the world’s undiscovered oil reserves are in the Arctic?

A

13%

74
Q

What percentage of the world’s undiscovered gas reserves are in the Arctic?

A

30%

75
Q

What proportion of global energy is used for food production?

A

30%

76
Q

Why do biofuels cause food shortages?

A

They are grown on land which can’t then be used for food production

77
Q

Name 2 LICs where firewood is the main energy source?

A

Tanzania

Mali

78
Q

What are some of the economic impacts of Pakistan’s energy insecurity?

A

Power cuts lasting up to 20 hours

Closure of 500 factories

4% cut in GDP

79
Q

Russia holds 25% of world gas supplies. How can this lead to political tensions?

A

Russia can raise prices or even cut off supplies as it did to Ukraine

80
Q

What proportion of the world’s oil is produced in the Middle East?

A

56%

81
Q
A

SHHS - AQA GCSE Geography (9 decks)

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