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Geography Paper 1 > The Challenge of Natural Hazards (part 1) > Flashcards

The Challenge of Natural Hazards (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of tectonic plates and what are their properties?

A
  • Continental - won’t melt, thicker but lighter, mostly granite
  • Oceanic - can be destroyed, heavy and thin (will sink), basaltic
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2
Q

How are earthquakes caused?

A

Tectonic plates are moved by convection currents in the mantle. At some plate boundaries, plates get stuck, pressure builds. When pressure is released, there is a jolt, which is an earthquake

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3
Q

Name the four plate boundaries

A
  • Conservative
  • Collision
  • Constructive
  • Destructive
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4
Q

Describe conservative plate boundaries

Describe collision plate boundaries

A

Plates slide past each other (either in different directions or different speeds), only cause earthquakes

Continental plates move towards each other, crust crumples and forms fold mountains, only cause earthquakes

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5
Q

Describe constructive plate boundaries

Describe destructive plate boundaries

A

Plates move away from each other, magma fills the gap, causes shield volcanoes and earthquakes

One oceanic, one continental plate move towards each other. Oceanic is more dense so subducts underneath, oceanic plate melts in mantle. New, hot magma breaks through surface, causes composite volcanoes and earthquakes

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6
Q

Why do people live in earthquake-prone areas?

A 
Trust in government to keep them safe
Insurance will pay out
Family and friends live there
They have jobs there / have no choice
Trust in the rebuilding process
Financial compensation
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7
Q

How can you reduce the impacts of earthquakes?

A

Predict
Protect
Prepare

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8
Q

Describe Predict of the three Ps of earthquakes

A

Watch animals for strange behaviour
Measure radon gas levels
Predictions using seismometers

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9
Q

Describe Protect of the three Ps of earthquakes

A

Build earthquake-proof buildings
Bendy pipes to prevent gas/water leaks
Steel poles in walls to make them stronger
Improve quality of infrastructure

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10
Q

Describe Prepare of the three Ps of earthquakes

A 
Prepare emergency services
Stock up on supplies
Evacuation training / earthquake drills / education
Have earthquake survival kits
Create disaster plans
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11
Q

What are the general facts around the Nepal earthquake?

What are the general facts around the Chile earthquake?

A

2015, 7.9 magnitude, collision plate boundary between the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates

2010, 8.8 magnitude, destructive plate boundary between the Nazca and South American plates

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12
Q

What were the primary impacts of the earthquake in Nepal?

A
  • 9000 deaths
  • 20,000 injured
  • 1/3 population affected
  • Cost of damage US $5 billion
  • 3 million homeless
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13
Q

What were the secondary impacts of the earthquake in Nepal?

A
  • Avalanches blocked roads + disrupted rescues
  • Avalanche on Mount Everest killed 19
  • Landslide blocked a river, caused flooding
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14
Q

What were the short-term responses to the earthquake in Nepal?

A
  • Search + Rescue teams from UK, India, China
  • 1/2 million tents for the homeless
  • Many countries gave financial aid
  • Financial compensation for victims
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15
Q

What were the long-term responses to the earthquake in Nepal?

A
  • Roads repaired, landslides cleared
  • Lakes formed from landslides damming rivers drained
  • International conference for aid and support
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16
Q

What were the primary impacts of the earthquake in Chile?

A
  • 500 deaths
  • 12000 injured
  • 800,000 affected
  • Cost of damage US $30 billion
  • 270,000 homes destroyed
17
Q

What were the secondary impacts of the earthquake in Chile?

A
  • 1500km roads damaged
  • Tsunami devastated coastal towns
  • Fire at a chemical plant in Santiago
  • Remote communities cut off
18
Q

What were the short-term responses to the earthquake in Chile?

A
  • Emergency services very quick
  • Temporary repairs to the main highway in 24 hours
  • Power + water restored to 90% homes in 10 days
  • Whole population given food
  • All children given supplies for education
19
Q

What were the long-term responses to the earthquake in Chile?

A
  • 1 month plan helped 200,000 households
  • Wood houses for temp shelter until all rebuilt in a year
  • Main economy (copper) rebuilt without financial aid
  • Aid from charities like Unicef
20
Q

What is a tropical storm?

A

An area of extreme low pressure with extreme winds (at least 74mph) spiralling around an eye (calm centre)

21
Q

What are the characteristics of a tropical storm?

A
  • Up to 480km across and 14km high
  • Spiralling winds get weaker towards the edge
  • Eye is where cold air sinks so calm conditions
  • Eye wall is where strongest conditions are felt
22
Q

What are the conditions for a tropical storm to form?

A
  • Must form over an ocean in the tropics
  • Ocean must be 60m deep
  • Ocean must be 27 degrees C
  • Must be far enough away from equator for the Coriolis Effect (correct spin of the earth) to work
23
Q

How does a tropical storm form?

A

Strong upwards movement of air (low pressure) draws moisture from ocean
Evaporated water cools, condenses, forms thunderstorms
Condensing air releases heat, draws up more vapour
Several small storms join to form one spinning storm
Storm carried cross ocean by prevailing winds, gets stronger
When it reaches land, energy supply cut off, it dissipates

24
Q

How can the impacts of a tropical storm be reduced?

A

Predict
Protect
Plan

25
Q

Describe Predict of the three Ps of tropical storms

A

Scientists monitor tracks of potential typhoons, severity and danger are monitored
Hurricane watch = hurricane conditions possible
Hurricane warning = hurricane conditions expected

26
Q

Describe Protect of the three Ps of tropical storms

A

Windows + doors reinforced to strengthen against wind
Storm drains to remove excess water + prevent floods
Sea walls to protect against storm surge
Houses built on stilts protect against storm surge
Cyclone shelters built

27
Q

Describe Plan of the three Ps of tropical storms

A

Mainly education and raising awareness

Creating plans in individuals and communities on what to do in the event of a tropical storm

28
Q

What were the general facts around Typhoon Haiyan

A

2013 in the Philippines, category 5, winds 275 km/h, waves 15ft

29
Q

What were the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • 7300 killed
  • > 600,000 people displaced
  • 90% Tacloban destroyed
  • 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
30
Q

What were the secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • 14 million affected
  • 6 million lost source of income
  • Power supplies off for a month
  • Shortages of food, water, shelter lead to disease
31
Q

What were the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • US aircraft carriers helped with search + rescue
  • > 1200 evacuation centres helped the homeless
  • UK government sent shelter kits
  • France, Belgium, Israel sent field hospitals
32
Q

What were the long-term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • Cash for Work programs urged people to help repair
  • Rice farming + fishing quickly re-established
  • 1000s homes built away from flood-prone areas
  • Oxfam helped replace fishing boats
33
Q

How does climate change affect tropical storms?

A

Higher temperatures mean more oceans are 27 degrees and for longer, so tropical storms occur in more areas and seasons than before
Higher temperatures mean more evaporation + increased cloud formation so more energy is released = more powerful storms

34
Q

What is global atmospheric circulation?

A

The transfer of heat from the equator to the poles by the movement of air. Winds blow from high to low pressure areas.

35
Q

When it comes to global atmospheric circulation, what are the Hadley cells?

A

At equator, warm air rises, moves towards the tropics where it cools and sinks. At equator, climate is hot and wet, at tropics where air sinks, it is dry

36
Q

When is comes to global atmospheric circulation, what are the Ferrel cells?

A

In between the Hadley and Polar cells + move in opposite direction, they regulate temperature, at the tropics, winds curve due to the Coriolis Effect. Sinking air at tropics either moves back to equator or towards poles. Air rises at the poles.

37
Q

When it comes to global atmospheric circulation, what are the Polar cells?

A

Smallest cells, cold, dense air descends in polar regions, heats up as it begins to leave the region, rises and returns to the poles at high levels

Geography Paper 1 (5 decks)

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