The Cerebellum & Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Function of Cerebellum

Answer 1

Evaluates difference from intended action and actual action while a moment is in process

Question 2

Cerebellum receives input from____,____,____.

Answer 2

cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord

Question 3

Cerebellum send _______, forming a _____

Answer 3

projections back to them, vast loop

Question 4

Cerebellum - Input

Answer 4

Cerebral cortex: synapse in the pontine nuclei of the pon first.
Direct sensory input: vestibular, muscle spindles, other mechanoreceptors.
Other brainstem input: inferior olive, the locus coeruleus

Question 5

The locus coeruleus

Answer 5

Send modulatory inputs for learning & memory

Question 6

Cerebellar Lesion

Answer 6

dysmetria and the decomposition of movement

Question 7

Motor systems of cerebellar disease

Answer 7

wide gait, irregular staggering steps, instability of trunk

Question 8

Results of cerebellar disease

Answer 8

lateral veering or falling

can also be seen w/ severe loss of proprioception本体感觉

Question 9

Output from cerebellum

Answer 9

Cerebral cortex to deep cerebellar nuclei and onto motor cortex via the thalamus

Question 10

2 types of input neurons of the cerebellar circuit

Answer 10

Mossy fibres

Climbing fibres

Question 11

Mossy fibres

Answer 11

Synapse on granule cells颗粒细胞.

Axons of granule cells from parallel fibres which synapse on Purkinje cells

Question 12

Climbing fibres

Answer 12

from inferior olive

Synapse directly on Purkinje cells

Question 13

Purkinje cells

Answer 13

Provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through inhibitory synapses;

Question 14

How many granule cells and climbing fibres can Purkinje cell receives?

Answer 14

One Purkinje cell can receive input from over a million granule cells (civergence会聚) BUT ONLY 1 climbing cell

Question 15

The function of Basal Ganglia

Answer 15

基底神经节
A collection of forebrain structures involved in motor control, especially in the regulating & planning of movement.
Provide excitatory signals to the motor cortex which modified by dopaminergic signals.

Question 16

Basal Ganglia receives input from ___ and projects back to ____ through _____.

Answer 16

the cortex, cortex, thalamus

Question 17

Basal Ganglia circuit

Answer 17

Influence brainstem output and ultimately 最终 neurons of the spinal cord

Question 18

Organization of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 18

Consist of 4 major interconnected nuclei found in the white matter of the cerebellum

Question 19

The 4 major interconnected nuclei

Answer 19

striatum 纹状体 (caudate & putamen)
globus pallidus 苍白球
Substantia nigra 黑质 (pars compacta & pars reticulata)
Sub-thalamus nuclei 丘脑核

Question 20

Input to the Basal Ganglia

Answer 20

caudate & putamen are input nuclei of the basal ganglia
ONLY the primary visual cortex & auditory cortex do not project to the datemen
Datemen also receives dopaminergic inputs from the substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 21

Output to the Basal Ganglia

Answer 21

Datemen send output through globus pallidus & substantia nigra pars reticulata

Question 22

Globus pallidus - external segment & internal segment

Answer 22

external - part of the pathway of neurons that inhibits movement
internal - inhibitory for movement initiation运动启动抑制

Question 23

Output of the basal ganglia

Answer 23

is sent on the superior colliculus, subthalamus nuclei, the thalamus and eventually back to the cerebral cortex

Question 24

Activity of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 24

MC (motor cortex)->Datemen->GPi (苍白球internal)->Th (Thalamus)->MC
MC->Datemen->Substantia nigra pars reticulata-> Superior colliculus

Question 25

Direct pathway & indirect pathway

Answer 25

Indirect: MC->Datemen->GPe->Substhalamic Nucleus->GPi->Th->MC
DIrect:MC->Datemen->GPi->Th->MC

Question 26

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 26

a progressive, neurodegenerative disease
the usual onset is b/w 50-70years
100,000 ppl in Canada
slowly will be 10-20 years to death

Question 27

What causes Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 27

by loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta