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Anatomy & Physiology I > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What two organs compose the whole of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

The brain and spinal cord are the two organs that compose the whole of the Central Nervous System.

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2
Q

How much does the brain weigh in an average male and female human?

A

In an average human male, the brain weighs 1600 g.
In an average human female, the brain weighs 1450 g.

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3
Q

When does embryonic development of the brain begin?

A

Embryonic brain development begins at approximately 19 days.

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4
Q

In embryonic brain development, how is the Neural Plate formed?

A

In embryonic development, the Neural Plate is formed when the ectoderm, or cell layer at the dorsal surface, thickens along the dorsal midline axis of the embryo.

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5
Q

In CNS development, how is a Neural Groove formed?

A

In CNS development, when a neural plate invaginates, a Neural Groove flanked by neural folds forms.

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6
Q

In embryonic development, how is the Neural Tube formed?

A

In embryonic development, as the neural groove deepens, the superior edges of the neural folds fuse, forming the Neural Tube.

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7
Q

In embryonic development, the neural tube begins development of what two key organs?

A

In embryonic development, the neural tube begins development of the two key organs of the CNS: the brain (anteriorly) and the spinal cord (posteriorly).

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8
Q

In embryonic development, how is the Neural Crest formed?

A

In embryonic development, small groups of neural fold cells migrate laterally from between the surface ectoderm and the neural groove forming the Neural Crest.

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9
Q

In embryonic development, what does the Neural Crest eventually form?

A

In embryonic development, the Neural Crest eventually forms the…
(1) PNS
(2) Arachnoid and Pia Maters

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10
Q

In embryonic development, the Neural Crest develops into which three parts of the PNS?

A

In embryonic development, the Neural Crest develops into the…
(1) sensory neurons in ganglia
(2) sympathetic neurons
(3) Schwann cells of the PNS

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11
Q

During week four of embryonic development, what 3 primary vesicles in the brain are formed?

A

During week four of embryonic development, the 3 primary vesicles formed in the brain are (1) prosencephalon (2) mesencephalon (3) rhombencephalon

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12
Q

Define “Prosencephalon”.

A

“Prosencephalon” means forebrain.

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13
Q

Define “Mesencephalon”.

A

“Mesencephalon means midbrain.

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14
Q

Define “Rhombencephalon”.

A

“Rhombencephalon” means hindbrain.

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15
Q

What does the Neural Tube eventually form?

A

The Neural Tube eventually forms the…
(1) three primary vesicles
(2) spinal cord

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16
Q

During week five of embryonic development, the primary vesicles grow and divide into which 5 secondary brain vesicles?

A

During week five of embryonic development, the primary vesicles grow and divide into 5 secondary brain vesicles. They are as follows:
Forebrain:
(1) Telencephalon
(2) Diencephalon
Midbrain:
(3) Mesencephalon
Hindbrain:
(4) Metencephalon
(5) Myelencephalon

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

In embryonic development, what are the names of the 3 primary vesicles?

A

In embryonic development, the names of the 3 primary vesicles are…
(1) prosencephalon - forebrain
(2) mesencephalon - midbrain
(3) rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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19
Q

In embryonic development, what are the 3 paired structures of the dicencephalon?

A

In embryonic development, the 3 paired structures of the diencephalon region are…
(1) hypothalamus
(2) thalamus
(3) epithalamus

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20
Q

Each of the secondary brain vesicles develops into structures of the adult brain. Of the five vesicles, what does the Telencephalon eventually form?

A

Of the five secondary vesicles that develop into structures of the adult brain, the Telencephalon develops into the cerebrum or cerebral hemispheres.

21
Q

Each of the secondary brain vesicles develops into structures of the adult brain. Of the five vesicles, what does the Diencephalon eventually form?

A

Of the five secondary vesicles that develop into structures of the adult brain, the Diencephalon develops into the…
(1) hypothalamus
(2) thalamus
(3) epithalamus

22
Q

Each of the secondary brain vesicles develops into structures of the adult brain. Of the five vesicles, what does the Mesencephalon eventually form?

A

Of the five secondary vesicles that develop into structures of the adult brain, the Mesencephalon develops into the midbrain.

23
Q

Each of the secondary brain vesicles develops into structures of the adult brain. Of the five vesicles, what does the Metencephalon eventually form?

A

Of the five secondary vesicles that develop into structures of the adult brain, the Metencephalon develops into the…
(1) pons
(2) cerebellum

24
Q

Each of the secondary brain vesicles develops into structures of the adult brain. Of the five vesicles, what does the Myelencephalon eventually form?

A

Of the five secondary vesicles that develop into structures of the adult brain, the Myelencephalon develops into the medulla oblongata.

25
Q

What is the most inferior structure of the brain stem?

A

The Medulla Oblongata is the most inferior structure of the brain stem.

26
Q

In embryonic development, what does the central cavity of the neural tube eventually form?

A

In embryonic development, the central cavity of the neural tube eventually forms the Ventricles.

27
Q

During embryonic development, describe how the midbrain and cervical flexures increase surface area in the brain.

A

During embryonic development, the midbrain and cervical flexures move the forebrain to the brain stem. The cerebral hemispheres are forced to take a horseshoe-shaped course and grow posterior and laterally. As a result, they grow back over and almost envelop the diencephalon and midbrain.

28
Q

During embryonic development, describe how convolutions increases surface area in the brain.

A

During embryonic development, the continued growth of the cerebral hemispheres causes their surfaces to crease and fold into convolutions which increases surface area.

29
Q

During embryonic development, what two structural changes allow surface area in the brain to increase?

A

During embryonic development, the two structural changes in the brain that allow surface area in the brain to increase are…
(1) midbrain and cervical flexures
(2) convolutions

30
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A

The four regions of the brain are as follows:
(1) cerebral hemispheres
(2) diencephalon
(3) brain stem
(4) cerebellum

31
Q

What three structures form the dicenphalon?

A

The three structures that form the diencephalon are the Midbrain, Pons, and the Medulla Oblongata.

32
Q

In reference to white and gray matter, what is the Basic pattern of the CNS?

A

In reference to white and gray matter, the Basic pattern of the CNS is…
(1) core - gray matter
(2) external to core - white matter

33
Q

(Fill in the blank).
In reference to white and gray matter, the brain stem has additional — matter nuclei scattered within — matter.

A

In reference to white and gray matter, the brain stem has additional GRAY matter scattered within WHITE matter.

34
Q

(Fill in the blank).
In reference to white and gray matter, the cerebrum and cerebellum have an outer sheet of — matter.

A

In reference to white and gray matter, the cerebrum and cerebellum have an outer sheet of GRAY matter.

35
Q

(Fill in the blank).
In reference to white and gray matter, the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum have an outer sheet of — matter which is called the —.

A

In reference to white and gray matter, the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum have an outer sheet of GRAY matter which is called the CORTEX.

36
Q

Describe Ventricles of the brain.

A
  1. Ventricles are formed by the expansion of lumen of embryonic neural tube
  2. Ventricles are continuous with each other and with the central canal of spinal cord
  3. Ventricles are lined by ependymal cells
  4. Ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
37
Q

Describe the Lateral Ventricles.

A

The Lateral Ventricles are…
-paired
-within each cerebral hemisphere
-and separated by the septum pellucidum, or “transparent wall”

38
Q

What does “Septum Pellucidum” mean?

A

Septum Pellucidum literally means “transparent wall”

39
Q

Where is the Third Ventricle located?

A

The Third Ventricle is located in the diencephalon.

40
Q

What is another name for the Interventricular Foramen?

A

Another name for the Interventricular Foramen is the “Foramen of Monro”

41
Q

Describe the importance of the Cerebral Aqueduct.

A

The third ventricle is continuous with the fourth ventricle via the canal-like Cerebral Aqueduct that runs through the midbrain.

42
Q

Where is the Fourth Ventricle located?

A

The Fourth Ventricle is located in the brainstem.

43
Q

Describe the Fourth Ventricle.

A

The Fourth Ventricle is…
1. located in the brainstem
2. continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
3. paired lateral apertures in walls and median aperture in roof connect to subarachnoid space

44
Q

What is the importance of the Interventricular Foramen?

A

Each lateral ventricle communicates with the narrow third ventricle in the diencephalon via a channel called an Interventricular Foramen.

45
Q

What are the three main functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

A

The three main functions of CSF are…
1. adds buoyancy to CNS organs
2. protects (brain and spinal cord from blows and trauma)
3. regulates environment of CNS

46
Q

When CSF regulates the environment of the Central Nervous System, how exactly does CSF help?

A

When CSF regulates the environment of the CNS, it nourishes the CNS and removes waste products.

47
Q

What structure of the brain forms cerebrospinal fluid?

A

The Choroid Plexuses form cerebrospinal fluid.

48
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology I (1 decks)

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