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Unit 3 Biology > The cells of the nervous system and neurotransmitters at synapses > Flashcards

The cells of the nervous system and neurotransmitters at synapses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are neurons?

A

nerve cells

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2
Q

What do neurons contain?

A

cell body and fibres called dendrites and axons

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3
Q

What are the three types of neuron?

A

sensory,inter and motor

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4
Q

What is myelination?

A

Covering of the neuron fibres with a myelin sheath (surrounded by axons), which stimulates them, increasing the speed of nervous impulses

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5
Q

When does myelination start and continue to?

A

From birth to adolescence

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6
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

physically support neurons and produce the myelin sheath

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7
Q

What are synapses?

A

Gaps between neurons

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8
Q

What are neural pathways?

A

Routes taken by impulses through the nervous system

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9
Q

Describe the responses to stimuli in the first two years of life

A

Not as rapid or co-ordinated as those of an older child or adult

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10
Q

What can certain diseases do to the myelin sheath?

A

Destroys it causing a loss of coordination

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11
Q

Describe neurotransmitters at synapses

A

chemical transmission at the synapse by neurotransmitters-vesicles,synaptic cleft and receptors

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12
Q

What do neurons connect to and where

A

With other neurons or muscle fibres at a synaptic cleft

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13
Q

Where do neurotransmitters relay impulses?

A

Across the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

What are the neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine
Noradrenaline
Serotonin
Dopamine

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15
Q

What is acetylcholine broken down?

A

Broken down to non active products by an enzyme in postsynaptic membrane
Non active products are then reabsorbed by the presynaptic membrane
Resynthesized into acetylcholine which requires energy (anabolic)

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16
Q

What do neurons provide the body with?

A

With rapid and communication

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17
Q

What does neurons do?

A

Conduct nerve impulses from on one part of the body to another

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18
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

From sense organs to CNS

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19
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

From CNS to effectors

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20
Q

What are association neurons/ relay?

A

From sensory neurons to motor neurons

Are in CNS

21
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Fatty material that insulates the axon

22
Q

Name two diseases associated with neurons

A

Multiple sclerosis

Motor neurons disease

23
Q

Transmission of impulse

A

1) An electrical impulse reaches the synapse
2) Causes vesicles in the presynaptic axon to release neurotransmitters
3) Neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft to receptors on the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron
4) If receptor is excitatory
5) And enough neurotransmitters are released
6) An electrical impulse is triggered which is stimulated along the neuron

24
Q

What does Noradrenaline do?

A

Reabsorbed y the presynaptic membrane and reused

25
Q

What do synaptic vesicles contain and where are they found?

A

They contain chemical neurotransmitters and are found in presynaptic neurons

26
Q

What do nervous transmission between neurons rely

A

Neurotransmitters secreted into the synaptic cleft

27
Q

What do receptors in the postsynaptic membrane respond to?

A

Neurotransmitters

28
Q

Why do neurotransmitters have to be removed from the synaptic cleft rapidly?

A

maintain sensitivity

29
Q

What happens after neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes?

A

They are reabsorbed into the presynaptic membrane

30
Q

What do receptors determine?

A

Whether a signal is excitatory or inhibitory

31
Q

What can synapses filter out?

A

Weak stimuli resulting from insufficient secretion of neurotransmitters

32
Q

What can a summation of a series of weak stimuli trigger?

A

Enough neurotransmitter to fire an impulse

33
Q

What are neural pathways?

A

Routes taken by impulse through the nervous system

34
Q

What are converging neural pathways?

A

Impulses from several neurons passed to a single neuron increasing sensitivity to excitatory or inhibitory signals
Visions to read in dim light

35
Q

What are diverging neural pathways?

A

Impulses from one neuron passed to several others so affecting more than one destination at one time
Handwriting many muscles

36
Q

What are reverberating neural pathways?

A

Impulses which are recycled round look like pathways

Allowing repeated stimulation of the pathway, breathing

37
Q

Why are new neural pathways created?

A

To bypass areas of brain damage, to suppress reflexes or in response to sensory impulses

38
Q

What is given from the creation of new neural pathways?

A

Plasticity of response

39
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Neurotransmitters involved in reducing intensity of pain,release of sex hormone

40
Q

When does the endorphin production increase?

A

In response to severe injury, prolonged and continuous exercise, stress and certain foods

41
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Induces the feelings of pleasure and reinforces particular behaviour in the reward pathway

42
Q

What do agonist drugs act like?

A

Neurotransmitters and can enhance transmission

43
Q

What does antagonistic drugs do?

A

bind to specific receptors, blocking the action of a neurotransmitter

44
Q

What can enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters or inhibit reabsorption do?

A

Can be inhibited by certain drugs

45
Q

What can recreational drugs do?

A

Mimic neurotransmitters, resulting in mood change, alteration of perception and changes in cognition and behaviour

46
Q

What do many recreational drugs affect?

A

Neurotransmission in the reward pathway

47
Q

What is sensation?

A

An increase in the number and sensitivity of receptors as a result of exposure to antagonistic drugs-this can lead to drug addiction

48
Q

What is desensitisation?

A

A decrease in the number and sensitivity of receptors as a result of exposure to agonists drugs- this can lead to drug tolerance

Unit 3 Biology (3 decks)

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