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Bio 264 > The Cell -- Modules 4 & 5 > Flashcards

The Cell -- Modules 4 & 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Outer membrane belongs to what?

A

Endomembrane System

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2
Q

The mRNA is transported out of the nucleus to what?

A

The ribosomes

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3
Q

Where are the ribosomes located?

A

Surface of Endoplasmic Reticulum

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4
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

Perform Translation

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5
Q

What is Translation?

A

The conversion of the mRNA into protein

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6
Q

What 2 components is the ER divided into?

A

Rough ER and smooth ER

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7
Q

What is the process of DNA to mRNA to proteins called?

A

The Central Dogma

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8
Q

Within the rough ER the insulin protein is folded and then transported where?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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9
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus used for?

A

Location for processing and sorting (think UPS mail warehouse!)

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10
Q

DNA is tightly bound to what kind of proteins?

A

Histones

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11
Q

What is the process of bounding DNA?

A

DNA bounded to histones which forms chromatin which is finally organized into chromosomes

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12
Q

Process of DNA to mRNA?

A

Transcription

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13
Q

Control center of the cell?

A

The Nucleus

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14
Q

What synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids? Also aids int he breakdown of carbohydrates and steroids?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus primarily associated with? But can also transport and perform creation of what two things?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Transport = lipids
  3. Creation = lysosomes
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16
Q

The power plant in a cell? Generates what?

A

Mitochondrion // Mitochondria // Generates ATP

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17
Q

5 district structural components of the Mitochondria?

A
  1. Outer mitochondrial membrane
  2. Intermembranous space (space between the outer and inner membranes)
  3. The inner mitochondria membrane
  4. Cristae (foldings of the inner membrane)
  5. The matrix (space of the interior of the mitochondrion)
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18
Q

Specialized vesicles that bud off the golgi apparatus?

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

What does the Lysosomes do?

A

Uses a pump within its membrane to transport high concentrations of H+ into its lumen. The acidic environment also allows it to break down macromolecules.

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20
Q

2 organelle used in recycling used of unneeded materials?

A

Proteasomes and peroxisomes

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21
Q

What is the peroxisome responsible for?

A

Detoxifying harmful substances that may enter the cell

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22
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A

Structural competent of the cell composed of proteins that are constantly destroyed, renewed and newly built.

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23
Q

8 functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintains cell shape, resisting deformation, movement both inside and migratory movement, cell signaling, endocytosis, exocytosis, cell division.

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24
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of 3 major filaments, what are they?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules filaments

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25
What is composed of long chains of protein monomers called G-actin?
Microfilaments
26
What filaments help maintain cell shape?
Intermediate Filaments
27
Largest of all filaments? Hollow structure made up of protein monomer called tubular?
Microtubules filaments
28
Microtubules are closely associated with the organizing center called?
Centrosome
29
What serves as "highways" for the transport of vesicles?
Microtubules
30
What does the plasma membrane do?
Cellular function & maintenance of homeostasis
31
When some things easily pass through the membrane and others do not?
Selectively Permeable
32
Make up about 50% up of membrane?
Proteins
33
When a cell wants to quickly reduce the amount of a protein, it can tag that protein with a specific signal that sends that protein to the what for degradation?
Proteasome
34
Attach the membrane to the cytoskeletal proteins inside the cell or to proteins of the extracellular matrix.
Peripheral Proteins
35
A membrane protein that partially span the membrane, and is attached either to the outer or to the inner phospholipid layer.
Extrinsic Proteins
36
6 Integral Proteins?
Transport, carrier, receptor, enzymes, attachment, marker
37
Allows hydrophilic materials such as ions to cross the membrane?
Channels // Transport Proteins
38
Another type of transport proteins?
Carrier Proteins
39
What does the Carrie Protein do?
Bind to specific solutes and changes shape of protein in order for it to open to the opposite side of the membrane
40
Integral proteins may acts receptors and allow the cell to respond to chemical messengers which regulate the activities of the cell?
Receptor Proteins
41
What catalizes important chemical reactions?
Enzymes
42
GPCR is composed of 2 units
1. A receptor protein that binds to the chemical signal (the ligand) 2. The G-protein complex associated with the inner leaflet of the membrane.
43
The receptor passes through the cell with what?
A ligand binding site on the external surface and a G protein binding site on the internal surface.
44
G protein is composed of 3 subunits
Alpha, beta, gamma
45
What subunit can bind GTP or GDP?
Alpha subunit
46
Attachment proteins give the cell it's what?
Strength and Shape
47
What functions as a link between the integral proteins and the structural proteins or the matrix?
Peripheral protein
48
What proteins allow cells to identify one another?
Marker Proteins
49
Receptors bind to what?
Chemical Messengers
50
If no energy input is required for the transport, then we say particles move via?
Passive Transport Process
51
If the process requires cellular energy, usually in ATP, it is?
Active Transport Process
52
Process that results from the fact that molecules are constantly in a state of random movement?
Diffusion
53
Process of gradual movement from where the molecules are more concentrated to were they are less concentrated is?
Diffusion
54
Concentration Difference?
Concentration Gradient
55
Once molecules are evenly distributed we call this the state of?
Diffusion Equilibrium
56
If a material can pass through the cell membrane without the aid of a membrane protein, this process is called?
Simple Diffusion
57
Solutes that cross the membrane by simple diffusion are?
Hydrophobic
58
Factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
Concentration gradient, temperature, size of molecule, viscosity of the medium, membrane permeability, surface area, distance
59
The greater the difference between the concentrations on the two sides of the membrane, the faster the rate of diffusion..
Concentration Gradient
60
The higher the temperature, the faster molecules move, as temp rises so does what?
Diffusion
61
Diffusion rates are faster with?
Smaller molecules
62
Measure of the "thickness" of the solvent?
Viscosity
63
An increase of viscosity does what to diffusion?
Decreases it.
64
What affects how fast solutes diffuse across the cell membrane?
Membrane Permeability
65
The greater the surface area of the membrane, rate of diffusion is what???
Faster
66
Specialized integral proteins that assist in the diffusion of solutes across the membrane if they are large or have an electrical charge?
Facilitated Diffusion (requires ATP)
67
What resembles fluid like filled tubes through which the solutes can move down their concentration gradient across the membrane?
Channel Proteins
68
Channel Proteins are often -----?
Gated
69
Why do channel proteins open?
Can respond to voltage difference across membrane, specific signal molecules, or stretching or compressing the membrane.
70
What is GLUT2?
Found in the liver and pancreatic islets
71
What is GLUT4?
Found in skeletal muscle and fat tissue
72
Another interesting characteristic of carrier proteins?
They have a maximum rate of transport and thus become saturated if the solute concentration is high enough.
73
Processes that require energy?
Active Transport processes
74
What can primary active transports do?
Move solutes, such as ions, against their concentration gradient.
75
This process requires a carrier protein that is much like the proteins involved in carrier-mediated diffusion, yet, the carrier site has a binding for ATP, which provides the energy to move the solute across the membrane
Primary Active Transport
76
Most important active transport systems??
Na+, K+ -ATPase pump
77
What does the Na+, K+ -ATPase pump do?
Moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
78
How many sodiums does it pump in? How many potassiums?
3 sodiums and 2 potassium ions
79
What is the primary intracellular ion?
Sodium cation
80
What is the primary extracellular ion?
Potassium cation
81
This process uses the energy stored in the concentration gradients to move the solute?
Secondary Active Transport
82
What is required to generate sodium concentration gradient?
ATP
83
The bulk transport of material into the cell?
Endocytosis
84
Phagocytosis?
Cell eating
85
What specific cells are capable of phagocytosis?
Immuns system cells
86
In this process the cell sends extensions of its plasma membrane, called pseudopodia out and around the particle to be ----?
Phagocytosis
87
What unites with a lysosome inside the cell and engulfs material that can be digested for use in the cell>
Phagosome
88
In ---- the cell membrane forms processes that surround and engulf a particle to be brought into the cell.
Phagocytosis
89
Two types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis & pinocytosis
90
What is cell drinking?
Pinocytosis
91
What does pinocytosis do?
invaginate, forms a pocket and engulf anything in the fluid that is taken into the cell.
92
In --- the membrane forms an invagination (pocket) that pinches off, bringing into the cell fluid in the pocket along with any solutes int he fluid.
Pinocytosis
93
Much more efficient way of bringing specific solutes into the cell?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
94
This mechanism employs specific receptors that bind to the material (ligand) to be brought into the cell.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
95
In ----- ligands bind to specific receptors, which then migrate to a clathrin-coated pit. The contents are then brought into the cell by a process similar to pinocytosis.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
96
The need to export material from the cell into the extracellular fluid.
Exocytosis
97
What is exocytosis?
The process by which the beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin into the extracellular fluids.

Bio 264 (1 decks)

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