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Bio 264 > The Cell -- Modules 4 & 5 > Flashcards

The Cell -- Modules 4 & 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Outer membrane belongs to what?

A

Endomembrane System

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2
Q

The mRNA is transported out of the nucleus to what?

A

The ribosomes

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3
Q

Where are the ribosomes located?

A

Surface of Endoplasmic Reticulum

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4
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

Perform Translation

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5
Q

What is Translation?

A

The conversion of the mRNA into protein

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6
Q

What 2 components is the ER divided into?

A

Rough ER and smooth ER

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7
Q

What is the process of DNA to mRNA to proteins called?

A

The Central Dogma

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8
Q

Within the rough ER the insulin protein is folded and then transported where?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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9
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus used for?

A

Location for processing and sorting (think UPS mail warehouse!)

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10
Q

DNA is tightly bound to what kind of proteins?

A

Histones

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11
Q

What is the process of bounding DNA?

A

DNA bounded to histones which forms chromatin which is finally organized into chromosomes

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12
Q

Process of DNA to mRNA?

A

Transcription

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13
Q

Control center of the cell?

A

The Nucleus

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14
Q

What synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids? Also aids int he breakdown of carbohydrates and steroids?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus primarily associated with? But can also transport and perform creation of what two things?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Transport = lipids
  3. Creation = lysosomes
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16
Q

The power plant in a cell? Generates what?

A

Mitochondrion // Mitochondria // Generates ATP

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17
Q

5 district structural components of the Mitochondria?

A
  1. Outer mitochondrial membrane
  2. Intermembranous space (space between the outer and inner membranes)
  3. The inner mitochondria membrane
  4. Cristae (foldings of the inner membrane)
  5. The matrix (space of the interior of the mitochondrion)
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18
Q

Specialized vesicles that bud off the golgi apparatus?

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

What does the Lysosomes do?

A

Uses a pump within its membrane to transport high concentrations of H+ into its lumen. The acidic environment also allows it to break down macromolecules.

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20
Q

2 organelle used in recycling used of unneeded materials?

A

Proteasomes and peroxisomes

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21
Q

What is the peroxisome responsible for?

A

Detoxifying harmful substances that may enter the cell

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22
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A

Structural competent of the cell composed of proteins that are constantly destroyed, renewed and newly built.

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23
Q

8 functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintains cell shape, resisting deformation, movement both inside and migratory movement, cell signaling, endocytosis, exocytosis, cell division.

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24
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of 3 major filaments, what are they?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules filaments

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25
Q

What is composed of long chains of protein monomers called G-actin?

A

Microfilaments

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26
Q

What filaments help maintain cell shape?

A

Intermediate Filaments

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27
Q

Largest of all filaments? Hollow structure made up of protein monomer called tubular?

A

Microtubules filaments

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28
Q

Microtubules are closely associated with the organizing center called?

A

Centrosome

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29
Q

What serves as “highways” for the transport of vesicles?

A

Microtubules

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30
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Cellular function & maintenance of homeostasis

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31
Q

When some things easily pass through the membrane and others do not?

A

Selectively Permeable

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32
Q

Make up about 50% up of membrane?

A

Proteins

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33
Q

When a cell wants to quickly reduce the amount of a protein, it can tag that protein with a specific signal that sends that protein to the what for degradation?

A

Proteasome

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34
Q

Attach the membrane to the cytoskeletal proteins inside the cell or to proteins of the extracellular matrix.

A

Peripheral Proteins

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35
Q

A membrane protein that partially span the membrane, and is attached either to the outer or to the inner phospholipid layer.

A

Extrinsic Proteins

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36
Q

6 Integral Proteins?

A

Transport, carrier, receptor, enzymes, attachment, marker

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37
Q

Allows hydrophilic materials such as ions to cross the membrane?

A

Channels // Transport Proteins

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38
Q

Another type of transport proteins?

A

Carrier Proteins

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39
Q

What does the Carrie Protein do?

A

Bind to specific solutes and changes shape of protein in order for it to open to the opposite side of the membrane

40
Q

Integral proteins may acts receptors and allow the cell to respond to chemical messengers which regulate the activities of the cell?

A

Receptor Proteins

41
Q

What catalizes important chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes

42
Q

GPCR is composed of 2 units

A
  1. A receptor protein that binds to the chemical signal (the ligand)
  2. The G-protein complex associated with the inner leaflet of the membrane.
43
Q

The receptor passes through the cell with what?

A

A ligand binding site on the external surface and a G protein binding site on the internal surface.

44
Q

G protein is composed of 3 subunits

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

45
Q

What subunit can bind GTP or GDP?

A

Alpha subunit

46
Q

Attachment proteins give the cell it’s what?

A

Strength and Shape

47
Q

What functions as a link between the integral proteins and the structural proteins or the matrix?

A

Peripheral protein

48
Q

What proteins allow cells to identify one another?

A

Marker Proteins

49
Q

Receptors bind to what?

A

Chemical Messengers

50
Q

If no energy input is required for the transport, then we say particles move via?

A

Passive Transport Process

51
Q

If the process requires cellular energy, usually in ATP, it is?

A

Active Transport Process

52
Q

Process that results from the fact that molecules are constantly in a state of random movement?

A

Diffusion

53
Q

Process of gradual movement from where the molecules are more concentrated to were they are less concentrated is?

A

Diffusion

54
Q

Concentration Difference?

A

Concentration Gradient

55
Q

Once molecules are evenly distributed we call this the state of?

A

Diffusion Equilibrium

56
Q

If a material can pass through the cell membrane without the aid of a membrane protein, this process is called?

A

Simple Diffusion

57
Q

Solutes that cross the membrane by simple diffusion are?

A

Hydrophobic

58
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient, temperature, size of molecule, viscosity of the medium, membrane permeability, surface area, distance

59
Q

The greater the difference between the concentrations on the two sides of the membrane, the faster the rate of diffusion..

A

Concentration Gradient

60
Q

The higher the temperature, the faster molecules move, as temp rises so does what?

A

Diffusion

61
Q

Diffusion rates are faster with?

A

Smaller molecules

62
Q

Measure of the “thickness” of the solvent?

A

Viscosity

63
Q

An increase of viscosity does what to diffusion?

A

Decreases it.

64
Q

What affects how fast solutes diffuse across the cell membrane?

A

Membrane Permeability

65
Q

The greater the surface area of the membrane, rate of diffusion is what???

A

Faster

66
Q

Specialized integral proteins that assist in the diffusion of solutes across the membrane if they are large or have an electrical charge?

A

Facilitated Diffusion (requires ATP)

67
Q

What resembles fluid like filled tubes through which the solutes can move down their concentration gradient across the membrane?

A

Channel Proteins

68
Q

Channel Proteins are often —–?

A

Gated

69
Q

Why do channel proteins open?

A

Can respond to voltage difference across membrane, specific signal molecules, or stretching or compressing the membrane.

70
Q

What is GLUT2?

A

Found in the liver and pancreatic islets

71
Q

What is GLUT4?

A

Found in skeletal muscle and fat tissue

72
Q

Another interesting characteristic of carrier proteins?

A

They have a maximum rate of transport and thus become saturated if the solute concentration is high enough.

73
Q

Processes that require energy?

A

Active Transport processes

74
Q

What can primary active transports do?

A

Move solutes, such as ions, against their concentration gradient.

75
Q

This process requires a carrier protein that is much like the proteins involved in carrier-mediated diffusion, yet, the carrier site has a binding for ATP, which provides the energy to move the solute across the membrane

A

Primary Active Transport

76
Q

Most important active transport systems??

A

Na+, K+ -ATPase pump

77
Q

What does the Na+, K+ -ATPase pump do?

A

Moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

78
Q

How many sodiums does it pump in? How many potassiums?

A

3 sodiums and 2 potassium ions

79
Q

What is the primary intracellular ion?

A

Sodium cation

80
Q

What is the primary extracellular ion?

A

Potassium cation

81
Q

This process uses the energy stored in the concentration gradients to move the solute?

A

Secondary Active Transport

82
Q

What is required to generate sodium concentration gradient?

A

ATP

83
Q

The bulk transport of material into the cell?

A

Endocytosis

84
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating

85
Q

What specific cells are capable of phagocytosis?

A

Immuns system cells

86
Q

In this process the cell sends extensions of its plasma membrane, called pseudopodia out and around the particle to be —-?

A

Phagocytosis

87
Q

What unites with a lysosome inside the cell and engulfs material that can be digested for use in the cell>

A

Phagosome

88
Q

In —- the cell membrane forms processes that surround and engulf a particle to be brought into the cell.

A

Phagocytosis

89
Q

Two types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis & pinocytosis

90
Q

What is cell drinking?

A

Pinocytosis

91
Q

What does pinocytosis do?

A

invaginate, forms a pocket and engulf anything in the fluid that is taken into the cell.

92
Q

In — the membrane forms an invagination (pocket) that pinches off, bringing into the cell fluid in the pocket along with any solutes int he fluid.

A

Pinocytosis

93
Q

Much more efficient way of bringing specific solutes into the cell?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

94
Q

This mechanism employs specific receptors that bind to the material (ligand) to be brought into the cell.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

95
Q

In —– ligands bind to specific receptors, which then migrate to a clathrin-coated pit. The contents are then brought into the cell by a process similar to pinocytosis.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

96
Q

The need to export material from the cell into the extracellular fluid.

A

Exocytosis

97
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process by which the beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin into the extracellular fluids.

Bio 264 (1 decks)

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