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Bio 264 -- The Cell > THE CELL // MODULE 4 > Flashcards

THE CELL // MODULE 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Genetic Materials: DNA

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2
Q

Makes proteins and contains ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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3
Q

Stores Calcium, makes lipids, fats, carbs, steroids

A

Smooth ER

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4
Q

Makes proteins; mRNA to proteins

A

Ribosomes

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5
Q

What is translation? Where does it happen?

A

mRNA to proteins; on the ribosomes on the rough ER

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6
Q

What is transcription? Where does it happen?

A

DNA to mRNA; in the nucleus

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7
Q

Contains digestive enzymes and breaks down material?

A

Lysosomes

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8
Q

Membrane bound sack made from the plasma membrane; main objective is to transport things through the cell?

A

Vesicles

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9
Q

3 major parts of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

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10
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton?

A

Holds cell structure, provides a highway for transporting material inside of the cell

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11
Q

what is microfilaments made of? Functions?

A

Actin filaments – structure, support for microvilli, contractility, movement

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12
Q

Intermediate filaments?

A

Mechanical strength

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13
Q

Microtubules?

A

Hollow and made of tubulin

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus?

A

Packages and processes and distributes EVERYTHING (UPS STORE)

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15
Q

Peroxisomes?

A

Detoxify the cell

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16
Q

Proteasomes?

A

Breakdown proteins

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17
Q

Ubiquitin?

A

MARKER MOLECULE // Marks protein for breakdown by the proteasome

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18
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

Translation and transcription

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19
Q

3 parts of endocytosis? What do they all use to function?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

ATP

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20
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Uses Pseudopodia to pull bacteria into the cell

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21
Q

Pinocytosis?

A

Invagination (pinches) to allow bacteria to sink into the cell and inch it off.

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22
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis?

A

Similar to pinocytosis but must have ligand attach to receptor to trigger function. Specific to what hit takes in.

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23
Q

Exocytosis? What does it use?

A

Accumulated vesicle secretions expelled from the cell // ATP

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24
Q

Which type of vesicle helps with exocytosis?

A

Secretory Vesicles

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25
Q

What are some examples of exocytosis?

A

Secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas
Secretion of mucous by salivary glands
Secretion of milk by mammary glands

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26
Q

Nuclear Envelope?

A

Double membrane-bound with nuclear pores

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27
Q

Mitochondria?

A

Power storehouse // Major site of ATP synthesis // Major source of energy

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28
Q

Cristae?

A

Infoldings of inner membrane

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29
Q

Matrix?

A

Space of interior of the mitochondria

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30
Q

Breaks down fatty acids and amino acids into hydrogen peroxide?

A

Peroxisomes

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31
Q

Hyposmotic?

A

Expands and fills with water

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32
Q

Isosmotic?

A

Cell stays the same between solution and the cell

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33
Q

Hyperosmotic?

A

Shrinks cell

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34
Q

Isotonic?

A

Nothing goes in or out of cell

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35
Q

Hypotonic?

A

More salt in cell than solution // lysis (explodes the cell)

36
Q

Hypertonic?

A

Causes crenation or the cell to shrink // more salt in the solution

37
Q

.9% is equal to how many mosmoles?

A

300

38
Q

5% dextrose is equal to how many mosmoles?

A

300

39
Q

How does oxygen pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Simple diffusion

40
Q

How does fats and lipids go through the plasma membrane?

A

Simple diffusion

41
Q

How do ions pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Facilitated diffusion

42
Q

How does glucose pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

43
Q

All channels are what?

A

Facilitated

44
Q

What is the primary active transport?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

45
Q

Main purpose of Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

Creates gradient // Uses ATP directly

46
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Uses ATP indirectly

47
Q

Hydrophobic particles?

A

Simple Diffusion

48
Q

Hydrophilic particles?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

49
Q

RMP?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump + leak channels

50
Q

Osmotic Pressure?

A

Force required to prevent water from moving across a semi-permeable membrane

51
Q

What 6 things influence the rate of diffusion?

A

Magnitude of concentration, temperate of solution, size of diffusing molecules or ions, viscosity of solvent, surface area, distance

52
Q

Channels are always what?

A

OPEN

53
Q

Carrier proteins are what?

A

Only open on one side at a time

54
Q

What is absolute refractory period?

A

Period of time where action potentials can’t occur // No stimulus is high enough to create another action potential

55
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

When an action potential can occur but isn’t likely… because of hyperpolarization

56
Q

What are the two integral proteins?

A

Channel and carrier proteins

57
Q

Depolarization is???

A

Sodium

58
Q

Repolarization???

A

Potassium

59
Q

Alpha subunits do what?

A

Dissociate

60
Q

When do the voltage gates for Na+ and K+ open?

A

At threshold

61
Q

Which voltage gate takes longer to open?

A

Potassium

62
Q

There is a rush of what when graded potentials hit threshold?

A

Sodium

63
Q

When does sodium inactivation gate close?

A

The peak (over shoot)

64
Q

Salt water?

A

Hypertonic

65
Q

Tap water?

A

Hypotonic

66
Q

All-or-nothing theory?

A

Once it hits threshold it will always be an action potential

67
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Deviations from resting membrane potential that may or may not cause action potentials

68
Q

What needs to happen to create another action potential?

A

Na+ voltage gate needs to be at resting membrane state

69
Q

What is it called when there is ONE cellular particle traveling through a channel by itself?

A

Uniport

70
Q

What is it called when there are TWO cellular particles traveling through a channel in the SAME direction?

A

Symport

71
Q

What is it called when there are TWO cellular particles traveling through a channel in OPPOSITE directions?

A

Antiport

72
Q

Hyperkalemia?

A

Decreases the potential fro K+ to leave the cell

73
Q

Hyponatremia?

A

Nothing happens (low amount of Na+ outside of the cell)

74
Q

Hypokalemia?

A

Increase potential for K+ to leave the cell

75
Q

Hypernatremia?

A

High amount of Sodium outside of the cell // Nothing happens

76
Q

What are glycoproteins and glycolipids?

A

Marker molecules

77
Q

The more frequent the action potential the more powerful the _____?

A

Stimulus

78
Q

What effect on the resting membrane potential would I have if I increased the extracellular K+?

A

Depolarization

79
Q

What effect on the RMP would I have if I increased the permeability to Na+?

A

Depolarization

80
Q

What effect would I have on the RMP if I increased the extracellular Na+?

A

No effect

81
Q

What effect on RMP do I have if I double the # of K+ leak channels?

A

Hyperpolarization

82
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase pump does what?

A

Pumps in 2 K+ and pumps out 3 Na+

83
Q

What doesn’t contribute to the resting membrane potential and what does?

A

Sodium doesn’t and potassium does

84
Q

What effect would I have on the RMP if I decreased the # of Na+/K+ ATPase pump by half?

A

Depolarization // Makes cell smaller

85
Q

Blood corresponds to ____?

A

EFC

86
Q

Grade potentials can _____?

A

Summate

Bio 264 -- The Cell (1 decks)

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