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Bio 264 -- The Cell > THE CELL // MODULE 4 > Flashcards

THE CELL // MODULE 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Genetic Materials: DNA

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2
Q

Makes proteins and contains ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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3
Q

Stores Calcium, makes lipids, fats, carbs, steroids

A

Smooth ER

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4
Q

Makes proteins; mRNA to proteins

A

Ribosomes

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5
Q

What is translation? Where does it happen?

A

mRNA to proteins; on the ribosomes on the rough ER

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6
Q

What is transcription? Where does it happen?

A

DNA to mRNA; in the nucleus

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7
Q

Contains digestive enzymes and breaks down material?

A

Lysosomes

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8
Q

Membrane bound sack made from the plasma membrane; main objective is to transport things through the cell?

A

Vesicles

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9
Q

3 major parts of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

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10
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton?

A

Holds cell structure, provides a highway for transporting material inside of the cell

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11
Q

what is microfilaments made of? Functions?

A

Actin filaments – structure, support for microvilli, contractility, movement

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12
Q

Intermediate filaments?

A

Mechanical strength

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13
Q

Microtubules?

A

Hollow and made of tubulin

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus?

A

Packages and processes and distributes EVERYTHING (UPS STORE)

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15
Q

Peroxisomes?

A

Detoxify the cell

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16
Q

Proteasomes?

A

Breakdown proteins

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17
Q

Ubiquitin?

A

MARKER MOLECULE // Marks protein for breakdown by the proteasome

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18
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

Translation and transcription

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19
Q

3 parts of endocytosis? What do they all use to function?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

ATP

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20
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Uses Pseudopodia to pull bacteria into the cell

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21
Q

Pinocytosis?

A

Invagination (pinches) to allow bacteria to sink into the cell and inch it off.

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22
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis?

A

Similar to pinocytosis but must have ligand attach to receptor to trigger function. Specific to what hit takes in.

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23
Q

Exocytosis? What does it use?

A

Accumulated vesicle secretions expelled from the cell // ATP

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24
Q

Which type of vesicle helps with exocytosis?

A

Secretory Vesicles

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25
What are some examples of exocytosis?
Secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas Secretion of mucous by salivary glands Secretion of milk by mammary glands
26
Nuclear Envelope?
Double membrane-bound with nuclear pores
27
Mitochondria?
Power storehouse // Major site of ATP synthesis // Major source of energy
28
Cristae?
Infoldings of inner membrane
29
Matrix?
Space of interior of the mitochondria
30
Breaks down fatty acids and amino acids into hydrogen peroxide?
Peroxisomes
31
Hyposmotic?
Expands and fills with water
32
Isosmotic?
Cell stays the same between solution and the cell
33
Hyperosmotic?
Shrinks cell
34
Isotonic?
Nothing goes in or out of cell
35
Hypotonic?
More salt in cell than solution // lysis (explodes the cell)
36
Hypertonic?
Causes crenation or the cell to shrink // more salt in the solution
37
.9% is equal to how many mosmoles?
300
38
5% dextrose is equal to how many mosmoles?
300
39
How does oxygen pass through the plasma membrane?
Simple diffusion
40
How does fats and lipids go through the plasma membrane?
Simple diffusion
41
How do ions pass through the plasma membrane?
Facilitated diffusion
42
How does glucose pass through the plasma membrane?
Facilitated Diffusion
43
All channels are what?
Facilitated
44
What is the primary active transport?
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
45
Main purpose of Na+/K+ ATPase pump?
Creates gradient // Uses ATP directly
46
What is facilitated diffusion?
Uses ATP indirectly
47
Hydrophobic particles?
Simple Diffusion
48
Hydrophilic particles?
Facilitated Diffusion
49
RMP?
Na+/K+ ATPase pump + leak channels
50
Osmotic Pressure?
Force required to prevent water from moving across a semi-permeable membrane
51
What 6 things influence the rate of diffusion?
Magnitude of concentration, temperate of solution, size of diffusing molecules or ions, viscosity of solvent, surface area, distance
52
Channels are always what?
OPEN
53
Carrier proteins are what?
Only open on one side at a time
54
What is absolute refractory period?
Period of time where action potentials can't occur // No stimulus is high enough to create another action potential
55
What is the relative refractory period?
When an action potential can occur but isn't likely... because of hyperpolarization
56
What are the two integral proteins?
Channel and carrier proteins
57
Depolarization is???
Sodium
58
Repolarization???
Potassium
59
Alpha subunits do what?
Dissociate
60
When do the voltage gates for Na+ and K+ open?
At threshold
61
Which voltage gate takes longer to open?
Potassium
62
There is a rush of what when graded potentials hit threshold?
Sodium
63
When does sodium inactivation gate close?
The peak (over shoot)
64
Salt water?
Hypertonic
65
Tap water?
Hypotonic
66
All-or-nothing theory?
Once it hits threshold it will always be an action potential
67
What are graded potentials?
Deviations from resting membrane potential that may or may not cause action potentials
68
What needs to happen to create another action potential?
Na+ voltage gate needs to be at resting membrane state
69
What is it called when there is ONE cellular particle traveling through a channel by itself?
Uniport
70
What is it called when there are TWO cellular particles traveling through a channel in the SAME direction?
Symport
71
What is it called when there are TWO cellular particles traveling through a channel in OPPOSITE directions?
Antiport
72
Hyperkalemia?
Decreases the potential fro K+ to leave the cell
73
Hyponatremia?
Nothing happens (low amount of Na+ outside of the cell)
74
Hypokalemia?
Increase potential for K+ to leave the cell
75
Hypernatremia?
High amount of Sodium outside of the cell // Nothing happens
76
What are glycoproteins and glycolipids?
Marker molecules
77
The more frequent the action potential the more powerful the _____?
Stimulus
78
What effect on the resting membrane potential would I have if I increased the extracellular K+?
Depolarization
79
What effect on the RMP would I have if I increased the permeability to Na+?
Depolarization
80
What effect would I have on the RMP if I increased the extracellular Na+?
No effect
81
What effect on RMP do I have if I double the # of K+ leak channels?
Hyperpolarization
82
Na+/K+ ATPase pump does what?
Pumps in 2 K+ and pumps out 3 Na+
83
What doesn't contribute to the resting membrane potential and what does?
Sodium doesn't and potassium does
84
What effect would I have on the RMP if I decreased the # of Na+/K+ ATPase pump by half?
Depolarization // Makes cell smaller
85
Blood corresponds to ____?
EFC
86
Grade potentials can _____?
Summate

Bio 264 -- The Cell (1 decks)

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