The Cell: Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
1
Q
Whats differentiates eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
A
- Eukaryotes have a true enclosed nucleus enclosed in a membrane
2
Q
What surrounds the nucleus?
A
- The nuclear membrane or envelope
3
Q
Where is rRNA synthesized?
A
- The nucleolus
4
Q
How do mitochondria replicate?
A
- Binary fission
5
Q
What is apoptosis?
A
- Programmed cell death
6
Q
What are lysosomes?
A
- Membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates, including substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products.
7
Q
What is autolysis?
A
- The release of the sequestered lysosome hydrolytic enzymes
8
Q
What is rough ER?
A
- Studded with ribosomes to permit the translation of proteins
9
Q
What is smooth ER?
A
- Lack ribosomes and is primarily utilized for lipid synthesis and the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins
- Transports proteins from the RER to the Golgi apparatus
10
Q
What is the Golgi apparatus?
A
- Modifies cellular products by the addition of various groups including carbs, phosphates, sulfates, or signal sequences
11
Q
What are peroxisomes?
A
- Contain hydrogen peroxide to breakdown very long chains of fatty acids via β-oxidation
- Participate in the synthesis of phospholipids
12
Q
What is the role of the cytoskeleton?
A
- To provide structure to the cell and help maintain its shape
13
Q
What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?
A
- Micro-filaments
- Micro-tubules
- Intermediate filaments
14
Q
What are micro-filaments?
A
- Solid polymerized rods of actin that are organized into bundles to resist compression and fracture to protect the cell
15
Q
What are micro-tubules?
A
- Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins that radiate throughout the cell to provide pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein
16
Q
Cilia and flagella are structures composed of?
A
- Micro-tubules
17
Q
What are cilia?
A
- Primarily involved in the movements of materials along the surface of the cell
18
Q
What are flagella?
A
- Structures involved in the movement of the cell itself
19
Q
What is the 9 + 2 structure?
A
- Composed of the 9 pairs of micro-tubules forming the outer ring and 2 micro-tubules in the center
- Seen only in eukaryotes
20
Q
What are centrioles?
A
- The organizing centers for micro-tubules
- Structured as 9 triplets of micro-tubules with a hollow center
- During mitosis, they migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell and organize the mitotic spindle
21
Q
What are intermediate filaments?
A
- A diverse group of filamentous proteins
- Involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton
22
Q
What are the 4 tissue types?
A
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
23
Q
What is epithelial tissue?
A
- Cover the body and line its cavities
- Involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation
- Constitute the parenchyma
- One side faces the lumen and the other side interacts with blood vessels and structural cells
24
Q
What is the parencyma?
A
- The functional parts of the organ
25
What is the lumen?
- The hollow inside of an organ or tissue
26
What are the 3 types of epithelial cells?
- Simple epithelia (one cell)
- Stratified epithelia (multiple layers)
- Pseudostratified epithelia (one thick layer)
27
What are cuboidal cells?
- Cube shaped
28
What are columnar cells?
- Long and thin (column)
29
What are squamous cells?
- Flat and scalelike
30
What is connective tissue?
- Supports the body and produces a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their function
- Produce and secrete materials like collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix
31
Which structures are made of connective tissue?
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- Adipose tissue
- Blood
