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Histology > The Cell - Cytoplasm > Flashcards

The Cell - Cytoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

The outermost boundary of the cell and regulates passage of molecules in and out of the cell

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

The largest organelle

A

nucleus

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3
Q

Circular structure inside the nucleus

A

nucleolus

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4
Q

Solid portion of cytoplasm composition

A

Organelles

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4
Q

Cell basic parts

A

Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Inclusion bodies found in cytoplasm

A

Lipofuscin
Glycogen
Hemosiderin
Lipids
Melanin

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5
Q

Liquid portion of cytoplasm composition

A

Cytosol

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6
Q

As organelles are destroyed, accumulates waste products in lysosomes

A

lipofuscin

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6
Q

Storage form of glucose
Can be stored in skeletal muscles, liver, fat storing cells
Not stained with H&E

A

Glycogen

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7
Q

Signet ring appearance

A

Lipids

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7
Q

Yellowish brown iron containing granular pigment that is found within cells
Indigestible residue of hemoglobin due to hemoglobin degradation
Can be normally found in the red pulp of the spleen

A

Hemosiderin

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8
Q

Is found on the basal layer of the epidermis
as brown pigments

A

Melanin

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8
Q

the major most abundant component

A

Phospholipids

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8
Q

What keeps the membrane in place?

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

is inversely proportional to the fluidity of
the membrane (cholesterol)

A

Temperature

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9
Q

The hydrophobic portion of cholesterol
Inserted among closely packed phospholipids restricting movements and thus modulating fluidity and movement of membrane components

A

Perhydrocytopentanophenanthrene ring

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10
Q

Localized region within the plasma membrane that contains high levels of cholesterol and variety of peripheral and integral proteins

Microdomains that control the movement and distribution of proteins within the lipid bilayer

A

Lipid raft

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11
Q

Channels carriers transporters

Requires membrane disruption for extraction

A

Integral Proteins

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12
Q

▪ Loose association with one of the membranes
▪ responsible for the shape of the cell and transport of the substances within the cell
▪ Tendency to pull each other and move the membrane along with them

A

Peripheral Protein

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13
Q

Generally found outside the cell membrane
→ May act as receptors that participate in cell adhesion
and cell to cell interaction

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

Higher to lower concentration
→ Pass through; simple passive: no need of anything

A

Passive Transport

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15
Q

If movement is from higher to lower but has to
change shape = CARRIER
▪ If no change in shape as the molecule attaches =
Channel
Higher to lower with transporter
No energy consumption

A

Facilitated Passive Transport

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16
Q

Requires energy consumption
→ Pumps transport transport molecules from lower to higher concentration

A

Active Transport

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17
Q

Role of integral membrane proteins

A

→ As pumps
→ As receptors recognize ligands or any substance outside the cell and mediate is effects
→ As structural proteins = provides attachment and support to neighboring cells
→ As enzymes
→ Endocytosis

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18
Q

Cellular process in which substance are brought into the cell
▪ The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane which then buds of inside the cell to form a vesicles containing the ingested material

A

Endocytosis

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19
Q

Facilitates vesicle formation in receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Clathrin and adaptin

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20
Q

Fluid phase of endocytosis
cell drinking
Fluid materials from ECF is enclosed in a vesicle

A

Pinocytosis

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21
Q

Material is transferred across the cell but is not metabolized

A

Transcytosis

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21
Q

Involves binding of ligand/target molecule to the receptors which will cause widely dispersed receptors to aggregate which results to the take up of the ligand

A

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

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21
Q

Protein that will totally separate the vesicle from the membrane

A

Dyamin

21
Q

Membrane bound organelles associated with the endocytic pathways
→ Sort out and recycle proteins internalized from the endocytic pathways.

A

Endosomes

22
Q

Early endosomes gets to decide the fate

A

Recycling
Transcytosis

23
Q

Formation of the vesicle
Is transported to late endosome

A

Early endosome

23
Q

Transports the endocytosed material to late endosome

A

Multivesicular body

23
Q

Late endosome will become

A

Lysosome

23
Q

Found deeper inside the cell
will mature into lysosome

A

Late Endosome

24
Q

Organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusions are suspended in an aqueous gel

A

Cytoplasmic matrix

24
Q

The basic structural and functional units of all multicellular organisms

A

Cell

24
Q

Prevents premature activation of lysosome

A

Lysosomal enzymes

24
Q

Classification of organelles

A

Membranoius organelles
Nonmembranous organelles

25
Q

Spaces enclosed by the organelles’ membranes constiture the ______

A

Intracellular microcompartments

25
Q

In nonmembranous organelles, the unique proteins usually self-assemble into polymers that form the structural elements of the ______

A

Cytoskeleton

26
Q

Cytoplasm contains _____ that are not usually surrounded by a plasma membrane

A

Inclusions

26
Q

A lipid bilayer that forms the cell boundary as well as the boundaries of many organelles within the cell

A

Plasma (cell) membrane

27
Q

Associated with ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis and modification of newly synthesized proteins

A

Rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

27
Q

Region involved in lipid and steroid synthesis but not associated with ribosomes

A

Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (sER)

28
Q

Composed of multiple flattened cisternae responsible for modifying sorting and packaging proteins and lipids for intracellular or extracellular transport

A

Golgi apparatus

29
Q

Membrane-bounded compartments interposed within endocytotic pathways that have the major function of sorting proteins delivered to them via encytotic vesicles

A

Endosomes

30
Q

involved in both endocytosis and exocytosis and vaery in shape and the material that they transport

A

transport vesicles

31
Q

Small organelles containing digestive enzymes that are formed from endosomes by targeted delivery of unique lysosomal membrane proteins and lysosomal membrane proteins and lysosomal enzymes

A

Lysosomes

32
Q

Small organells involved in the production and degration of H2O2 and degration of fatty acids

A

Peroxisomes

33
Q

Together with actin and intermediate filaments forms elements of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules

34
Q

Also part of the cytoskeleton and can be classified into 2 groups

A

Filaments

35
Q

provide most of the energy to the cell by producing ATP in the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Mitochondria

36
Q

Short paired cylindrical structures found in the center of the microtubules-organizing center and whos derivatives gives rise to t basal bodies of cilia

A

Centrioles

36
Q

structures essential for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

37
Q

Protein complexes that enzymatically degrade damaged and unnecesary proteins into small polypeptides and amino acids

A

Proteasomes

38
Q

These surface molecules constitute a layer at the surface of the cell, referred to as the

A

cell coat or glycocalyx

39
Q

Th e current interpretation of the molecular organization of the plasma membrane is referred to as

A

modified fluid–mosaic model

39
Q

The membrane consists primarily
of:

A

phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein

40
Q

contain a family of 47 kDa proteins known as flotillins in addition to a specific composition
of lipids and cholesterol

A

Planar lipid rafts

41
Q

regarded as molecular markers of lipid rafts and are considered to be scaffolding proteins.

A

Flotillins

41
Q

represent small (50 to 100 nm in diameter), flask-shaped invaginations of plasma membrane enriched

A

Caveolar rafts, or caveolae

42
Q

The existence of protein within the substance of the plasma membrane (i.e., integral proteins) was confirmed by a technique called

A

Freeze fracture

43
Q

Flexible chain of actin molecules

A

Actin filaments

43
Q

Rope-like fibers formed from a variety of proteins

A

intermediate filaments

44
Q

serve to transport certain ions, such as Na,
actively across membranes

also transport metabolic precursors of macromolecules

A

Pumps

45
Q

Allows passage of small ions, molecules and water across the plasma membrane in either direction

A

Channels

46
Q

Formed by aligned channels in the membranes of adjacent cells permits passage of ions and small molecules involved in signaling pathways

A

Gap junctions

46
Q

allow recognition and localized binding of ligands (molecules that bind to the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane) in processes such as hormonal stimulation, coated-vesicle endocytosis, and antibody reactions.

A

Receptor proteins

47
Q

Anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix

A

Linker proteins

48
Q

have a variety of roles. ATPases have specific roles in ion pumping

A

Enzymes

49
Q

are visualized by the freeze fracture method, especially where they form junctions with neighboring cells.

A

Structural proteins

50
Q

often manifests as morphologic changes in the cell’s plasma membrane that result in the formation of plasma-membrane blebs

A

Cell injury

Histology (7 decks)

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