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Biology RWS > The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell division?

A

reproduction of cells. There are two types: mitosis and meiosis

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

a cell’s DNA or genetic information

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

One chromosome is made of DNA and proteins called histones.

DNA is packaged this way so that all of the DNA can fit in the eukaryotic cell.

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4
Q

What is chromatin? How does it differ from a chromosome?

A

Chromatin is DNA and proteins but is spread out/not as tightly packed as a chromosome.

Same material, but different format.

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5
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

All the cells in the body except for sperm and egg.

A human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes.

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6
Q

What is a gamete?

A

egg or sperm

A human egg or sperm contains 23 chromosomes.

The number does NOT indicate complexity as a somatic cell of algae has 148 chromosomes!

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7
Q

what is a sister chromatid?

A

copies of the original chromosome (after S) joined by cohesions.

Each chromatid has a centromere-region made of repetitive sequences of DNA where the chromatid is most tightly attached to its sister chromatid.

Proteins recognize the DNA sequences, bind or help DNA condense.

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8
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm

It is different in plant and animal cells, due to a plant having a cell wall.

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9
Q

What is the M phase?

A

M phase (the shortest part of cell cycle) is made up of MItosis (division of genetic material in the nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)

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10
Q

what is interphase?

A

90% of cell cycle

Made up of G1, S, and G2

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11
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

A Key to prophase is seeing the chromatin tightly coiling. You can see this with a light microscope.

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12
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

*We will not use this term in class, but take a look at the description.

A

A Key is kinetochore. This is formed at the centromere of each chromatid. This is where spindle fibers attach. Not all spindle fibers attach to a kinetochore.

The nuclear membrane disappears.

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13
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes have arrived at the metaphase plate.

Kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to the kinetochore microtubules.

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14
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Shortest phase

Cohesion proteins are cleaved by separase

Kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull on centromeres

Chromosomes are pulled to the poles

What kind of inhibitor is securin?

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15
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Two daughter nuclei form

nucleoli reappear

chromosomes become less condensed

spindle is depolymerized

mitosis is over!

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16
Q

How do kinetochore microtubules function during anaphase?

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17
Q

What is the function of the cell plate?

A

A cell plate helps to divide plant cells.

There is no cleavage furrow due to the cell wall.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzeowbIxgwI

18
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Asexual reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

19
Q

What is a checkpoint?

A

control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle.

Each checkpoint is controlled by genes. Genes can cause a cell to undergo apoptosis or cell death.

*There is also a checkpoint in S. Not shown in your book.

Which enzyme is activated as a result of all the kinetochores are attached to the spindle? (separase)

20
Q

What is a growth factor? What is an example?

A

a protein released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

ex. PDGF

What would happen if PDGF was not present at the site of a wound?

21
Q

What is density-dependent inhibition?

A

crowded cells stop dividing

This happens because cell surface proteins on one cell binds to one on another cell. A signal is sent to stop cell division.

Cancer cells ignore this!

22
Q

What is anchorage dependence?

A

To divide, cells must be attached to something such as a flask or petri dish or the extracellular matrix.

Cancer cells ignore this!

23
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

mass of abnormal cells that remains at the original site

24
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

Cells that have genetic changes that allow them to spread to new tissues.

The tumor impairs the functions of one or more organs.

The spread is called metastasis.

25
Q

What are the parts of the cell cycle?

A

G0, G1, S, G2 and M

What happens in each stage?

What are the relative lengths of each phase?

M is divided into Mitosis and Cytokinesis.

https://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle_js.htm

26
Q

What is a gene?

A

hereditary unit

segment of DNA

passed to offspring by parents

27
Q

What is a gamete?

Where are they made in humans?

Are gametes haploid (n) or diploid (2n)?

A

reproductive cells

egg (ovary)

Sperm (testes)

haploid

28
Q

What is the haploid number of human sperm? egg?

A

23 chromosomes

29
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

All cells of the human body except for gametes

ex. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron

30
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

An individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offpsring without fusion of gametes.

31
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

two parents give rise to offspring

A unique combination of genes.

Not clones!

Genetic variation!

32
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

images of chromosomes are arranged in pairs in a specific way.

The longest chromosomes start first, ending with the sex chromosomes.

The first 22 pairs are called autosomes.

Note: the notation of the karyotype. 47 XY +18

33
Q

What would the notation be for this karyotype?

A

47 XXY

This is Klinefelter Syndrome

34
Q

What is a zygote?

A

fertilized egg formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm nuclei.

35
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

both chromosomes of a pair carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristic.

Same length, centromere position, and staining pattern

The image shows a pair with three genes.

36
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The type of cell division that forms gametes

37
Q

crossing over

A

DNA molecules of non-sister chromatids are broken and are rejoined to each other.

This happens in Prophase I.

At least one crossover must take place to keep the homologous pair together.

38
Q

chiasmata

A

points of attachment where crossover occurred

39
Q

independent assortment

A

generates genetic variation

the orientation of homologous pair

223 combinations of chromosomes in the formation of human gametes

40
Q

Recombinant chromosomes

A

individual chromosomes that carry DNA from two different parents

41
Q

Random fertilization

A

the fusion of male and female gametes to produce a zygote with

223 X 223 diploid combinations = an incredible amount of variation!

Biology RWS (7 decks)

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