the cell cycle

Question 1

telomerase

Answer 1

it’s an enzyme that repairs telomeres but is never with complete accuracy. eventually, telomeres become too short, DNA replication stops and the cell dies.

Question 2

s phase in interphase

Answer 2

DNA is replicated

Question 3

the three checkpoints

Answer 3

G1 checkpoint -check to see if DNA is damaged. G2 checkpoint - check to see if DNA is replicated properly. M checkpoint - spindle assembly checkpoint, check for alignment of chromosomes.

Question 4

apoptosis

Answer 4

programmed cell death, if any of the checks fall.

Question 5

Go phase

Answer 5

a non-dividing phase entered by some cells. ex: when cardiac and nerve cells mature they no longer divide to prevent interfering with their function.

Question 6

prophase

Answer 6

chromosome duplication
duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids)

Question 7

Metaphase

Answer 7

duplicated chromosome align at the metaphase plate.

Question 8

Anaphase

Answer 8

sister chromatids begin to separate

Question 9

telophase

Answer 9

and move to opposite poles.

Question 10

meiosis- prophase I

Answer 10

after replication, homologous chromosomes crossover. nucleus membrane dissolves.

Question 11

metapahse I

Answer 11

tetrads (groups of four) of each chromosome line up along the metaphase plate

Question 12

anaphase I

Answer 12

homologous chromosomes seperate & are pulled to opposing cells

Question 13

telophase I

Answer 13

new nucleuses form . each one has 1 pair of sister chromatids for each chromosome.

Question 14

cytokinesis

Answer 14

two diploid daughter cells produced

Question 15

interkinesis

Answer 15

cell rest and checkpoint stage with no DNA replication

Question 16

Prophase II

Answer 16

nuclear membranes of both daughter cells dissolve

Question 17

metaphase II

Answer 17

chromosomes line up end to end metaphasic plate

Question 18

anaphase II

Answer 18

sister chromatids are split apart and pulled to opposing cells

Question 19

telophase II

Answer 19

4 new nucleuses form , each with a 23 total unpaired and uncopied chromosomes .

Question 20

cytokinesis for meiosis II

Answer 20

4 haploid daughter cells are produced . each one with a unique combination of genes .

Question 21

spermatogenesis

Answer 21

germ cells are created in testes during embryo development.

Question 22

LH ( luteinzing hormone )

Answer 22

male: signals testosterone production in testes
female : signals ovary to make progesterone

Question 23

Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH)

Answer 23

male : signals the sperm production in testes
female : signals estorgen production in ovaires and egg production .

Question 24

estrogen

Answer 24

males: growth spurt
female: signals the production of more LH to causes ovulation ( postieve feedback)
shuts down FHS production until after period (negative feedback)
repairs uterus lining after period
sexually mature characteristics : taller , body fat on hips & breasts , pubic hair.

Question 25

testosterone

Answer 25

males: made in testes & adrenal gland sexually mature characteristics : taller, muscle growth , voice change , body hair gives sexual libido female: growth spurt gives sexual libido

Question 26

progesterone

Answer 26

males: NONE female: keep uterus primed for impregnation/pregnacy shuts down FSH production until after period (negative feedback)

Question 27

hermaphrodites

Answer 27

organisms capable of producing both sperm and egg cells . examples : snails , flatworms , earthworms , starfish

Question 28

males produce what

Answer 28

specialize in producing sperm cells only

Question 29

female produce what

Answer 29

specialize in producing sperm cells only

Question 30

sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 30

organisms capable of chainging from one gender to another. usually done to compensate for an extreme gender imbalance in a population. ex: hamlet bass, humphead wrass , clown fish

Question 31

protogyny

Answer 31

transform from female to male

Question 32

protandry

Answer 32

transform from male to female

Question 33

conjugation

Answer 33

bacteria shared copies of accessory DNA (plasmid) through their pili. does not increase cell number does share genetic info.

Question 34

metastasize

Answer 34

fragments of a tumor travel through blood or lymph vessels to start new tumor throughout the body

Question 35

angiogenesis

Answer 35

tumors promote the growth of new blood vessels that supply them with oxygen and food to grow faster.