the cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

telomerase

A

it’s an enzyme that repairs telomeres but is never with complete accuracy. eventually, telomeres become too short, DNA replication stops and the cell dies.

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2
Q

s phase in interphase

A

DNA is replicated

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3
Q

the three checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint -check to see if DNA is damaged. G2 checkpoint - check to see if DNA is replicated properly. M checkpoint - spindle assembly checkpoint, check for alignment of chromosomes.

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4
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, if any of the checks fall.

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5
Q

Go phase

A

a non-dividing phase entered by some cells. ex: when cardiac and nerve cells mature they no longer divide to prevent interfering with their function.

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6
Q

prophase

A

chromosome duplication
duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids)

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7
Q

Metaphase

A

duplicated chromosome align at the metaphase plate.

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8
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids begin to separate

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9
Q

telophase

A

and move to opposite poles.

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10
Q

meiosis- prophase I

A

after replication, homologous chromosomes crossover. nucleus membrane dissolves.

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11
Q

metapahse I

A

tetrads (groups of four) of each chromosome line up along the metaphase plate

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12
Q

anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes seperate & are pulled to opposing cells

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13
Q

telophase I

A

new nucleuses form . each one has 1 pair of sister chromatids for each chromosome.

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14
Q

cytokinesis

A

two diploid daughter cells produced

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15
Q

interkinesis

A

cell rest and checkpoint stage with no DNA replication

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16
Q

Prophase II

A

nuclear membranes of both daughter cells dissolve

17
Q

metaphase II

A

chromosomes line up end to end metaphasic plate

18
Q

anaphase II

A

sister chromatids are split apart and pulled to opposing cells

19
Q

telophase II

A

4 new nucleuses form , each with a 23 total unpaired and uncopied chromosomes .

20
Q

cytokinesis for meiosis II

A

4 haploid daughter cells are produced . each one with a unique combination of genes .

21
Q

spermatogenesis

A

germ cells are created in testes during embryo development.

22
Q

LH ( luteinzing hormone )

A

male: signals testosterone production in testes
female : signals ovary to make progesterone

23
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH)

A

male : signals the sperm production in testes
female : signals estorgen production in ovaires and egg production .

24
Q

estrogen

A

males: growth spurt
female: signals the production of more LH to causes ovulation ( postieve feedback)
shuts down FHS production until after period (negative feedback)
repairs uterus lining after period
sexually mature characteristics : taller , body fat on hips & breasts , pubic hair.

25
Q

testosterone

A

males: made in testes & adrenal gland
sexually mature characteristics : taller, muscle growth , voice change , body hair
gives sexual libido
female: growth spurt
gives sexual libido

26
Q

progesterone

A

males: NONE
female: keep uterus primed for impregnation/pregnacy
shuts down FSH production until after period (negative feedback)

27
Q

hermaphrodites

A

organisms capable of producing both sperm and egg cells .
examples : snails , flatworms , earthworms , starfish

28
Q

males produce what

A

specialize in producing sperm cells only

29
Q

female produce what

A

specialize in producing sperm cells only

30
Q

sequential hermaphrodites

A

organisms capable of chainging from one gender to another. usually done to compensate for an extreme gender imbalance in a population. ex: hamlet bass, humphead wrass , clown fish

31
Q

protogyny

A

transform from female to male

32
Q

protandry

A

transform from male to female

33
Q

conjugation

A

bacteria shared copies of accessory DNA (plasmid) through their pili. does not increase cell number does share genetic info.

34
Q

metastasize

A

fragments of a tumor travel through blood or lymph vessels to start new tumor throughout the body

35
Q

angiogenesis

A

tumors promote the growth of new blood vessels that supply them with oxygen and food to grow faster.