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developmental genetics TCD > THE CELL CYCLE 1 > Flashcards

THE CELL CYCLE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is critical to a cell in sustaining cellular life

A

the ability to divide

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2
Q

how are multicellular organisms typically derived?

A

from a single cell zygote

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3
Q

where exactly does cell division occur on a vast scale?

A

during embryogenesis

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4
Q

why do cells divide?

A

to replace old, defective, infected or injured cells

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5
Q

how are these cells removed

A

usually by apoptosis

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6
Q

what exists within the cell that regulate the number of divisions a cell can undergo?

A

molecules that are highly conserved from yeast to mammals

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7
Q

what factors regulate cell division

A

extrinsic and intrinsic factors

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8
Q

define extrinsic factors

A

extrinsic factors are factors (availability of growth factors, space) external to the cell that dictate if a cell enters cell division or not

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9
Q

what are intrinsic factors?

A

internal factors (p53, pRb, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors) internal to the cell that dictate if a cell enters cell division or not

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10
Q

can cells divide spontaneously

A

no they must be triggered to do so

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11
Q

what is another term for the default state of all cells that are not dividing

A

quiescence

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12
Q

only when do cells undergo cell division in mature adults

A

when tissue is damaged due to infection or injury

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13
Q

what does a cell need to do before cell division?

A

it needs to synthesize all of its organelles, macromolecules and proteins

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14
Q

what helps to precisely coordinate cell division

A

a group of molecules called cyclin dependent kinases

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15
Q

what type of tissues exhibit the greatest rate of cell division?

A

tissues with the greatest rate of cell death via exposure to environment, food, infection eg stomach blood neutrophils, lungs etc

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16
Q

give an example of cells with little to no cell division activity

A

central nervous system cells, skeleton, brain cells etc

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17
Q

define cell division

A

a process in which a parent cell replicates most or all of its contents and forms two new daughter cells from this

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18
Q

what are a few concerns for a cell about to divide

A

is environment favoured, is there any DNA damage, has DNA been fully replicated, has DNA been replicated only once, are chromosomes aligned correctly on the spindle

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19
Q

what is the cell cycle checkpoint

A

points along the cell division cycle where the cell stops to check everything is in order

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20
Q

can all cells divide in an adult organism, if not what do we call these cells

A

no, they are called post-mitotic cells examples including neurons and myocytes

21
Q

how many distinct phases of the cell cycle is there? name them

A
  1. M-phase and interphase
22
Q

what is the M phase

A

the period where most of the action seems to take place

23
Q

what is interphase

A

the period between one M phase and another where nothing significant appears to be happening.

24
Q

where do cells spend the majority of their time

A

in interphase

25
Q

how long can interphase last for

A

between several days to years

26
Q

what can interphase be divided into

A

G1(gap 1), S(synthesis), and G2(gap 2)

27
Q

what prevents cells from entering s phase in the cell cycle from G1

A

the restriction point, also called start

28
Q

what prevents cells from entering s phase in the cell cycle from G1

A

the restriction point, also called start

29
Q

what drives a cell past start

A

signals from the environment

30
Q

what is G0(gap zero)

A

cells deprived of extracellular signals that are arrested in interphase at a point where they no longer divide

31
Q

what is serum

A

the fluid that remains when blood is allowed to clot

32
Q

what is in serum that allows scientists to stimulate cell division

A

growth factors

33
Q

are growth factors found in high or low concentrations

A

low

34
Q

what is PDGF

A

platelet derived growth factor, one of the first growth factors to be purified

35
Q

do growth factors show broad or narrow specificity

A

they show both

36
Q

can growth factors only bind to one GF receptor

A

no, some can bind to multiple showing some degree of promiscuity

37
Q

what do cells compete for

A

growth factors

38
Q

how do cells control the number of cell divisions

A

via extrinsic control (limiting growth factors) and intrinsic control(brakes on cycle via possession of molecules)

39
Q

what happens when cells fail to get enough growth factors

A

they fail to divide and may die

40
Q

how are tissues initially constructed in cells? what happens after this initial construction is complete?

A

initially constructed by overproduction of cells before limiting the amount of growth factor available allowing the cells to compete for it.

41
Q

what happens when a growth factor supply is switched off? give an example of where this occurs?

A

the cells in that area die from no growth factor. happens in formation of the hand from the limb bud.

42
Q

what was noted about the nervous and immune system cells? what do these cells require to happen generally for survival?

A

cells are massively overproduced in these systems. they need to have cell to cell interactions to survive.

43
Q

what does cell to cell interactions in nervous and immune systems upregulate? what does this allow the cell to do?

A

Causes the expression of growth factor receptor to be upregulated. allows the cell to absorb growth factors and survive.

44
Q

what is often considered a condition for cell division (hint: what substratum is required)?

A

it needs to attach to the extracellular matrix, which surrounds all cells within tissues.

45
Q

what are integrins and what do cells use them for ?

A

these are membrane anchored proteins that cells use to attach themselves to the extracellular matrix.

46
Q

do integrins act as sensors too?

A

yes, they relay information into the cell about matrix composition and degree that the cell is attached to the matrix.

47
Q

what do integrins do when ligand binding happens?

A

they form clusters which form focal adhesions. which impacts the organisation of the cell cytoskeleton,

48
Q

what can integrin signals also trigger?

A

cell migration, differentiation,
inhibit cell death, and proliferation

49
Q

what is contact inhibition?

A

cells that become surrounded on all sides by neighbouring cells that stop dividing

developmental genetics TCD (4 decks)

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