The Cell and Microscope

Question 1

smallest living unit of any organism?

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

3 Main points to cell theory

Answer 2

1- all living things made up of cells
2-cells are basic units of structure
3-new cells form from existing cells

Question 3

How do microscopes work?

Answer 3

using beams of light or electrons to produce magnified images

Question 4

Light microscopes magnify how many times?

Answer 4

1000

Question 5

What do electron microscopes do that light microscopes cannot do?

Answer 5

-higher resolution
-much smaller size than light
-electron only see non living cells/tissues

Question 6

Transmission Electron microscope (TEM)

Answer 6

-2D
-thinly sliced samples

Question 7

Scanning Electron microscope (SEM)

Answer 7

-3D
-don’t have to be thinly sliced

Question 8

Difference btwn prokaryote/eukaryote

Answer 8

-Pro- do not enclose genetic material in DNA (more simple)
-Eukar- does enclose genetic material in DNA (plants, animals, fungi)

Question 9

What is role of cell nucleus?

Answer 9

-contains all the DNA
-only eukaryote have nucleus
-in prokary, DNA in cytoplasm
-contains nucleolus where ribosomes begin assembling

Question 10

Cytoplasm

Answer 10

-portion of cell outside the nucleus
-works with nucleus

Question 11

Organelles

Answer 11

-specialized organs or “little organs”/structures of cells

Question 12

Chromosomes

Answer 12

-carries cells genetic information
-found in nucleus

Question 13

Proteins are assembled where?

Answer 13

On ribosomes

Question 14

Ribosomes

Answer 14

-produce proteins from DNA “boss” giving coded instructions

Question 15

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 15

ER is where lipids are made and proteins are exported from cell

Question 16

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum or rough ER

Answer 16

-Ribosomes found on surface
-Proteins found here will be released from the cell
-Sends proteins from here to Golgi apparatus

Question 17

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER

Answer 17

-ribosomes NOT found on surface

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

-modifies and sorts proteins from endoplasmic reticulum for storage OR for release from cell
-stack of flattened membranes

Question 19

What do vacuoles store?

Answer 19

water, salts, proteins and carbs

Question 20

Lysosomes

Answer 20

-clean-up crew
-remove “junk” that otherwise would clog up cell
-breaks down lipids, carbs, proteins into small molecules

Question 21

cytoskeleton

Answer 21

-“cyto” = cells
-skeleton for the cell
-helps cell maintain its shape and with movement

Question 22

How do cells get their energy?

Answer 22

food molecules that come from sunlight

Question 23

chloroplasts

Answer 23

-in plants
-capture energy from sun and convert it to chemical energy stored in food during photosynthesis

Question 24

mitochondria

Answer 24

-all eukaryotic cells have these
-convert chemical energy stored in food into usable compound for cell use
-comes from egg cell/ovum (get your mitochondria from Mom!)

Question 25

Cell wall

Answer 25

-supporting layer around a membrane -protects the cell

Question 26

cell membrane

Answer 26

-regulates what enters/exists the cell -protects/supports the cell

Question 27

differences in animal cells vs. plant cells

Answer 27

-animal cells have no cell wall, and no chloroplast -plant cells have cell wall, mitochondria AND chloroplast

Question 28

Homeostasis

Answer 28

What a cell has to stay in in order to regulate movement; exists in liquid environment

Question 29

Diffusion

Answer 29

process of moving from area of higher to lower concentration

Question 30

Passive transport

Answer 30

movement of molecules across cell membrane without using cellular energy

Question 31

Osmosis

Answer 31

water molecules that move from areas of higher to lower concentration

Question 32

Isotonic

Answer 32

when two solutions are same strength (or same amount of solute on both sides)

Question 33

Hypertonic

Answer 33

"above strength"

Question 34

Hypotonic

Answer 34

"below strength"

Question 35

Active Transport

Answer 35

When a cell must move materials against concentration difference; uses energy to move molecules

Question 36

Endocytosis vs exocytosis

Answer 36

Endo- takes in nutrients Exo- expels waste products