The Cell and Microscope Flashcards
smallest living unit of any organism?
Cell
3 Main points to cell theory
1- all living things made up of cells
2-cells are basic units of structure
3-new cells form from existing cells
How do microscopes work?
using beams of light or electrons to produce magnified images
Light microscopes magnify how many times?
1000
What do electron microscopes do that light microscopes cannot do?
-higher resolution
-much smaller size than light
-electron only see non living cells/tissues
Transmission Electron microscope (TEM)
-2D
-thinly sliced samples
Scanning Electron microscope (SEM)
-3D
-don’t have to be thinly sliced
Difference btwn prokaryote/eukaryote
-Pro- do not enclose genetic material in DNA (more simple)
-Eukar- does enclose genetic material in DNA (plants, animals, fungi)
What is role of cell nucleus?
-contains all the DNA
-only eukaryote have nucleus
-in prokary, DNA in cytoplasm
-contains nucleolus where ribosomes begin assembling
Cytoplasm
-portion of cell outside the nucleus
-works with nucleus
Organelles
-specialized organs or “little organs”/structures of cells
Chromosomes
-carries cells genetic information
-found in nucleus
Proteins are assembled where?
On ribosomes
Ribosomes
-produce proteins from DNA “boss” giving coded instructions
Endoplasmic reticulum
ER is where lipids are made and proteins are exported from cell
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum or rough ER
-Ribosomes found on surface
-Proteins found here will be released from the cell
-Sends proteins from here to Golgi apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER
-ribosomes NOT found on surface
Golgi apparatus
-modifies and sorts proteins from endoplasmic reticulum for storage OR for release from cell
-stack of flattened membranes
What do vacuoles store?
water, salts, proteins and carbs
Lysosomes
-clean-up crew
-remove “junk” that otherwise would clog up cell
-breaks down lipids, carbs, proteins into small molecules
cytoskeleton
-“cyto” = cells
-skeleton for the cell
-helps cell maintain its shape and with movement
How do cells get their energy?
food molecules that come from sunlight
chloroplasts
-in plants
-capture energy from sun and convert it to chemical energy stored in food during photosynthesis
mitochondria
-all eukaryotic cells have these
-convert chemical energy stored in food into usable compound for cell use
-comes from egg cell/ovum (get your mitochondria from Mom!)
Cell wall
-supporting layer around a membrane
-protects the cell
cell membrane
-regulates what enters/exists the cell
-protects/supports the cell
differences in animal cells vs. plant cells
-animal cells have no cell wall, and no chloroplast
-plant cells have cell wall, mitochondria AND chloroplast
Homeostasis
What a cell has to stay in in order to regulate movement; exists in liquid environment
Diffusion
process of moving from area of higher to lower concentration
Passive transport
movement of molecules across cell membrane without using cellular energy
Osmosis
water molecules that move from areas of higher to lower concentration
Isotonic
when two solutions are same strength (or same amount of solute on both sides)
Hypertonic
“above strength”
Hypotonic
“below strength”
Active Transport
When a cell must move materials against concentration difference; uses energy to move molecules
Endocytosis vs exocytosis
Endo- takes in nutrients
Exo- expels waste products
