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Bio 101 > the cell > Flashcards

the cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes , vesicles

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

contain DNA in the form of Chromatin

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA In nucleus

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4
Q

Nucleolus

A

Builds the ribosomal subunits, uses

rRNA

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5
Q

pore complex

A

pass

molecules RNA, proteins, ribosomal

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6
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Double membrane called nuclear envelope

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7
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

protein filaments that maintain shape

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8
Q

Ribososmes

A

Makes proteins
they are solid
Free (cytoplasm) and bound
(ER)

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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Folded membrane – creates a cavity separated from the cytoplasm – rough and smooth

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10
Q

Rough ER Endoplasmic Reticulum

A 
Makes proteins for export
Makes glycoproteins – they’re put together
here
Stored in RER cavity until exported
Source of new membrane for cell,
makes pieces and exports
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11
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes

Makes, stores and exports lipids, detoxifies poisons and drugs, stores carbohydrates – glycogen

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12
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Modification, storage, shipping of products
• Also manufactures some polysaccharides in plant walls
Molecules carried from one cisterna to
next by vesicles
• Add signals to vesicle product to direct
where to go

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13
Q

cisterna

A

Sacs of Golgi Complex

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14
Q

cis

A

Golgi Complex Receiving = cis = next to ER

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15
Q

trans

A

Golgi Complex Shipping = trans = next to cell membrane

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16
Q

Vesicles

A

emporary, for movement within cell • Endocytosis and exocytosis

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17
Q

Vacuole

A

For storage

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18
Q

Lysosome

A

Digestive compartments
Sac with hydrolytic enzymes used to digest
• The enzymes work best at pH 5 – pumps H+ in to
lower pH
• If lysosome breaks - enzymes not very strong
since pH in cell = 7
• Made by ER and Golgi

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19
Q

Autophagy

A

lysosome engulfs broken organelle from cell

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20
Q

Macrophages

A

Animals have a special type of lysosome that destroys invaders
• Part of our immune system

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21
Q

Programmed destruction

A

Lysosomes are also used for making developmental changes

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22
Q

Autotrophs

A

can make their own energy from

inorganic sources

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23
Q

Heterotrophs

A

need to digest other

organisms

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24
Q

photoautotroph

A

light co2 plants

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25
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

organic compounds humans

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26
Q

Mitochondria

A 
# Depends on need (muscle has many, fat has few)
• Site of cellular respiration
• Needs O2
• Enclosed by two
membranes – Smooth outer and a folded
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27
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate Energy gained by adding and removing phosphate

28
Q

Chemical Equation for Cell Respiration

A

C6 H12 O6
+ 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O

29
Q

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A

Requires chloroplasts, light, water and CO2

30
Q

chloroplasts

A

Stroma, granum, thylakoid, inner membrane, outer membrane

31
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2

32
Q

endosymbiosis

A

endosymbiosis refers to the original internalization of prokaryotes by an ancestral eukaryotic cell, resulting in the formation of the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

33
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A 
Support
• Adhesion (sticking cells together)
• Movement
• Recognition and regulation
• Contains glycoproteins on outer surface of
cell
34
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Mainly composed of glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing “fibrous “molecules in a network.
• elastin • collagen

35
Q

fibronectin

A

Cells are attached to the ECM by special ECM glygoproteins

36
Q

microfilaments

A

Within the cytoplasm, integrins are bound to microfilaments.

37
Q

Integrins

A

proteins built into the plasma membrane.inapositiontotransmitsignals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell.

38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
3) Intermediate Filaments

39
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of α and β tubulin and covered by plasma membrane, cyclindrical structures

40
Q

Microtubules

A

Cilia structure and flagella

41
Q

Flagella

A

sperm Microtubules

42
Q

Microfilaments

A

Actin and Myosin filaments

43
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A 
ension bearing
• Some made of keratin, each type
slightly different
• Fixing position of organelles
• Reinforce cell shape
• Protection – hair, nails and feathers
44
Q

Cell-to-Cell Attachment

A

Cells are attached together by two proteins,

cadherins or integrins

45
Q

Cell Junctions:

A

Tight Junctions:
Desmosomes
Gap Junction

46
Q

Tight Junctions:

A

As if the cells are sewn tightly together. Any transport must be through a special molecule. Also prevent extra cellular fluid from circulating between cells

47
Q

Desmosomes

A

“button like “ rivets that attach the two plasma membranes together with intermediate filaments. Very strong – used to attach your muscle fibers together to make the muscle.

48
Q

Gap Junction

A

Permits materials to transfer directly from one cell to another (in plants they have Plasmodesmata) – used for communication

49
Q

Prokaryotic

A 
In Domains Bacteria and Archaea
 Small
 Bacteria contain a single chromosome composed
of double stranded DNA – survival genes
 Cell wall
50
Q

Prokaryotic Genetics:

A

DNA not enclosed only thrown in corner called nucleoid region

51
Q

nucleoid region

A

DNA in prokaryotic cells

52
Q

Eukarytoic

A

Domain Eukarya
 Big, Round/Squarish
 Nucleus
 Some Eukaryotes do not have cell walls

53
Q

Phospholipids

A

When dumped into water they form micelles Amphipathic Fig 7.2
Can form a bilayer
Phospholipids can move slightly Fig

54
Q

Amphipathic

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

55
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model:

A 
proposed by Singer and Nicholson
Membrane is a fluid structure
 Proteins embedded in it or on it
 Phospholipids
 Generalized picture - membranes of different
cells have different structure
 Membrane is built by the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
 Proteins in membrane have hydrophobic
regions
56
Q

Cholesterol

A

Helps the membrane resist changes in fluidity
 Keeps phospholipids in place
 Prevents the close packing of the
phospholipids

57
Q

Integral proteins

A

Pass into non-polar region of phospholipid layer
Placement maintained by polar vs non-polar section and by cytoskeleton
Some proteins can allow specific polar molecules to pass through membrane

58
Q

Functions of proteins in the Cell Membrane

A 
Transport
Enzymes
Receptor binding sites
Cell to cell recognition
Cell-to-cell anchors/attachment 
Cytoskeleton Anchors
59
Q

Transport Across the Membrane

A 
Passive:
Free – no cost
simple diffusion – no protein facilitated diffusion – needs a protein
Active:
Cost energy Needs a protein
60
Q

Osmosis

A

HIGH H2O CONC.  LOW H2O CONC.

61
Q

Hypertonic

A

more [ ]

62
Q

Hypotonic

A

less[ ]

63
Q

Isotonic

A

=[ ]

64
Q

Plasmolyzed

A

cell becomes shrunken

65
Q

Lysed

A

Cell explodes or is broken open

66
Q

Turgid

A

hypotonic/ normal plant cell

Bio 101 (1 decks)

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