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MCAT biology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

four tenets of cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells
the cell is the basic functional unit of life
cells arise only from preexisting cells
cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA which is passed on from parent to daughter cell

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2
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane and can be unicellular or multicellular

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3
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

do not contain a nucleus and are always single-celled

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4
Q

cytosol

A

allows for diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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5
Q

nuclear membrane

A

a double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

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6
Q

nuclear pores

A

allow selective two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

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7
Q

nucleolus

A

where the ribosomal RNA is synthesized

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8
Q

outer membrane of mitochondria

A

barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion

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9
Q

cristae

A

infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria which contain the molecules and enzymes of the elctron transport chain

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10
Q

cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance

A

the transmission of gentic material independent of the nucleus

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11
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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12
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates

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13
Q

endosomes

A

transport, package and sort cell material travelling to and from the membrane

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14
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes which permit the translation of proteins

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15
Q

smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes is is utilized primarily for lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisions

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16
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain hydrogen peroxide

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17
Q

three components of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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18
Q

microfilaments are made of

A

actin

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19
Q

microfilaments play a role in

A

cytokinesis and they form the cleavage furrow

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20
Q

microtubules

A

hollow polymers of tubulin proteins that provide pathway for motor proteins

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21
Q

cilia

A

projections involved in movement of materials along the surface of the cell

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22
Q

flagella

A

structures involved in the movement of the cell itself

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23
Q

cilia and flagella have what kind of structure

A

9 +2

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24
Q

centrioles

A

organzing centers for microtubules

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25
Q

kinetochores

A

how the microtubules from the centrioles attach to the chromosomes
they pull the sister chromatids apart

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26
Q

intermediate filaments

A

involved in cell-cell adhesion/maintenance of the overal integrity of the cytoskeleton

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27
Q

four tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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28
Q

epithelial tissues

A

cover the body and line its cavities

means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation

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29
Q

classifications of epithelial cells

A

cuboidal, columnar, or squamous

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30
Q

epithelial cells constitute which part of the organ

A

the parenchyma aka functional parts think acid-producing cells in the stomach

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31
Q

connective tissue are main contributors to

A

the stroma aka support structure think bone, cartilage, tendons

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32
Q

connective tissue secrete materials

A

like collagen and elastin that form the extracellular matrix

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33
Q

two domains that contain prokaryotes

A

archaea and bacteria

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34
Q

nucleiod region

A

where the single circular dna of the prokaryote is

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35
Q

archaea

A

extremophiles

36
Q

similarity with archaea and eukaryotes

A

both start translation with methionine, contain similar RNA polymerases, and associate their dna with histones

37
Q

similarity with archaea and prokaryotes

A

single circular chromosome, divide by binary fission, share similar structure to bacteria

38
Q

bacteria all contain

A

a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and have a flagella or fimbriae

39
Q

antibiotics may target

A

the bacterial ribosome which is smaller than the eukaryotic ribosome

40
Q

bacteria and host relationship can be

A

mutualistic symbiotic or pathogen

41
Q

cocci

A

circular bacteria

42
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria

43
Q

spirilli

A

spiral-shaped bacteria

44
Q

obligate aerobes

A

bacteria that require oxygen

45
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

bacteria that would die in an oxygen environment

46
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

unable to use oxygen but are not harmed by it

47
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can use either oxygen or anaerobic metabolism

48
Q

envelope

A

cell wall and cell membrane

49
Q

gram positive cell wall contains

A

peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

50
Q

gram negative cell wall contains

A

peptiodlycan, periplasmic space, outer membranes, and lipopolysaccharides

51
Q

an immune response in humans is triggered by

A

lipopolysaccharides

52
Q

chemotaxis

A

the ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward/away from it

53
Q

flagella are composed of

A

filament, basal body, and hook

54
Q

filament

A

helical structure composed of flagellin

55
Q

basal body

A

anchors flagellum to cytoplasmic membrane is is the motor of the flagellum as it rotates

56
Q

hook

A

connects filament and basal body

57
Q

plasmids

A

circular structures that contain dna not necessary for survival but may offer an advantage

58
Q

binary fission

A

prokaryotic asexual reproduction
the chromosome attaches to the cell wall, replicates, the cell grows in size, eventually it gets really big and the cell wall grows in and splits off in to two

59
Q

virulence factors

A

carried by plasmids they increase pathogenicity

60
Q

episomes

A

a subset of plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium

61
Q

types of bacterial genetic recombination

A

transformation, conjugation, transduction

62
Q

transformation

A

integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome

63
Q

conjugation

A

bacterial form of mating

64
Q

transduction

A

requires a vector

65
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacteria

66
Q

viruses are

A

obligate intracellular pathogens

67
Q

four phases of the bacterial growth curve

A

lag phase
exponential phase
stationary phase
death phase

68
Q

lag phase

A

bacteria adapt to new local conditions

69
Q

exponential phase/log phase

A

bacteria adapt and the rate of division increases

70
Q

stationary phase

A

reduction of sources slows reproduction

71
Q

death phase

A

bacteria have exceeded the ability of the enviornment to support them

72
Q

capsid

A

protein coat

73
Q

are enveloped viruses easier to kill

A

yes

74
Q

virions

A

viral progeny which can go and infect additional cells

75
Q

tail sheath

A

syringe

76
Q

tail fibers

A

help the bacteriophage to recognize and connect to the correct host cell

77
Q

positive sense rna virus

A

the genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell

78
Q

negative sense

A

rna strand acts as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand
must carry an rna replicase to ensure that the complementary strand is synthesized

79
Q

retroviruses

A

enveloped, single-stranded rna
carry reverse transcriptase
synthesized dna from single stranded rna
dna integrates into the host cell genome where it is replecated and transcribed as if it were the host cell’s dna

80
Q

viral life cycle

A

infection
translation and progeny assembly
progeny release
lytic and lysogenic cycles

81
Q

virulent

A

viruses in the lytic phase

82
Q

lytic cycle

A

the bacteriophage maximizes use of the host cell until it is swollen with new virions and bursts

83
Q

provirus or prophage

A

virus integrates into the host genome and inters the lysogenic cycle

84
Q

prion

A

infectious proteins that usually convert a protein from an alpha helical structure to a beta pleated sheet

85
Q

viroids

A

small pathogens of single-stranded circular rna that infect plants

MCAT biology (1 decks)

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