The Cell Flashcards
Memorize terms and able to connect ideas
What are the four fundamentals of the cell theory?
-All living things are composed of cells
_The cell is the basics funtional unit o flife
-Cells arise only from preexisting cells,
-Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. Genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell
Eukaryotic Cell v Prokaryotic Cells
E->Multi-celled or single celled that contain nucleus enclosed by a membrane
P-> Single celled that contains no nucleus
The Nucleus
The nucleus is enclosed by Nuclear Membrane
-Contains nuclear pores that allow a two-way exchange
The nucleus contains genetic material DNA that contains coding regions called genes
DNA is wrapped around organizing proteins called histones then wound into linear strands called chromosomes
DNA location permits allows for DNA transcription compartmentalization seperate from RNA
Nucleolus takes up 25% of the nucleus and synthesizes rRNA
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell.
Outer Membrane: A barrier between cytosol and inner membrane space
Inner membrane arrange into cristae (foldings that increase surface area)
Cristae contain molecules and enzymes of elecrton transport chain
More of ATP process in Biochem review
Contain own material and replicate independently via binary fission
They are cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritance: They can transmit own genetic material separate from the nucleus.
Lysosomes
Structures that contain hydrolytic enyzmes meant to break up different substrates
Work with transporters called endosomes
Lysosomes can release their emzymes to cause cell death called autolysis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Interconnected membranes that are contiguous with the nuclear envelope.
Rough ER: ER studded with ribosomes which permit translation of proteins destined for secretion
Smooth ER: ER without ribosomes for lipid synthesis and detox of drugs and poisons
Golgi Apparatus
Modifier of cellular products delivered from the ER. Modifications include carbohydrates, phosphates, and sulfates
Exocytosis is prepared here especially in secretory processes
Peroxisomes
Contain hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisomes break down long chain fatty acids and participate in the synthesis of phospholipids.
Cytoskeleton
Help with the structure of the cell itself and helps provide a conduit for transportations of materials around the celll
Made up of three components
Microfilaments, Microtubules, and intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
Made of solid polymerized rods of actin.
Actin then forms into bundles and networks aiding with compression and fracture.
Actin filaments can use ATP to generate movement force by interacting with myosin ( like muscle contraction)
Also microfilaments aid with cytokinesis/division of materials between daughter cells. (pinching off of the two cells)
Microtubules
Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins.
Motor proteins such as kinesin and dynein carry vesicles through
Cillia are projections from a cell that help with movement of materials on the surface (respiratory tract)
Flagella help move the cell itself like sperm nine pairs of microtubules forming outside ring and 2 in the center
Centrioles found in the centrosome. have nine triplets of microtubule with hollow center they migrate to the side during mitosis and attach to chromosomes by kinetochores and pull
Intermediate filaments
Made with various proteins like keratin desmin, vimentin, and lamins
cell to cell adhesion or the maintenance of the integrity of the cytoskeleton
Help anchor organelles.
Epithelial Tissue
Covers body and linings
Cohesiveness comes from the underlying connective tissue known as the basement membrane
Constitute un parenchyma or functional parts of organs
polarized (faces lumen and other interacts with blood vessels )
Epithelial Tissue
Classifications:
Simple epithelia: one Layer
Stratified: multiple Layers
pseudostratified: seem multiple but just one long
Cuboidal: Cube like
columnar: long column like
Squamous: flat and scale like
Connective Tissue
support structure cells or stroma
produce and secrete collagen and elastin for extracellular matrix
