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Science For Medicine > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Into what two compartments can cells be divided

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
(both contain organelles)

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2
Q

What is the cytosol

A

Aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell which contains organelles and fluids

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus

A

Contains DNA, nucleoprotein and some RNA

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4
Q

Where is the nucleous found

A

In the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus

A

Serves as sites for for ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

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6
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

An interconnecting network of membranous tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs (cisternae)
It is membrane bound

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7
Q

What forms of the ER are there

A 
Smooth ER
Rough ER (studded appearance due to ribosomes)
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8
Q

What does the rough ER do

A

Synthesises and secretes/packages proteins

Coordinates protein modifications and transport

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9
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER

A

Breakdown compounds (e.g. drugs and glycogen) or synthesise some compounds (e.g. lipids)

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10
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Protein factories of the cells

Minute cytoplasmic organelles with 2 subunits

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11
Q

What is the golgi apparatus

A

A Stack of flattened vesicles which coordinate protein modifications and transport
It is membrane bound

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12
Q

What are lysosomes

A

They are used to separate enzymes from the rest of the cell and in autophagy or digestion of engulfed particles (e.g. bacteria)

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13
Q

What is a peroxisome

A

A small membrane bound organelle that contains enzymes

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14
Q

What enzymes do peroxisomes contain

A

Catalase

Oxidases

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15
Q

What does catalase do

A

Regulate hydrogen peroxide concentration

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16
Q

What do oxidases do

A

They are involved in Beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids

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17
Q

What is the mitochondra

A

A mobile, cigar shaped organelle that has a permeable outer membrane containing pores
It has a folded inner membrane and a matrix which has binding sites for calcium and also most of the enzymes for oxidation of food molecules (e.g. Krebs cycle)
It has circular DNA and ribosomes

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18
Q

What is the folded inner membrane of the mitochondria called

A

Cristae

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19
Q

What is the mitochondria required for

A

Oxidation
Krebs Cycle
It synthesises most of its own proteins and can self replicate

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20
Q

What are the three main compartments of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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21
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

A 
Supports and maintains cell shape
Holds organelles in position
Moves organelles
Involved in cytoplasmic streaming
Interacts with extracellular structures to hold cell in place
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22
Q

What are microfilaments made from

A

Strands of the actin protein

They tend to interact with strands of other proteins

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23
Q

What do microfilaments form in the small intestine

A

Microvilli

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24
Q

What are microtubules

A

Long, hollow cylinders made up of many molecules of the protein tubulin

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25
Q

How many microtubules form cilia

A

9 pairs of microtubules

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26
Q

What are the major elements used to construct human biomolecules (hint: there is 10)

A 
O
H
C
N
Na
Cl
K
Ca
S
P
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27
Q

How can chemical functional groups determine biomolecular function
Give an example

A

Functional groups can affect how the molecule acts around others
e.g. OH groups allow for hydrogen bonds and solubility in water
S groups allow di-sulphide bridges.

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28
Q

What is configuration

A

The fixed arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. determines the Cis/Trans structure

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29
Q

What is conformation

A

The Precise arrangement of atoms in a molecule (free rotation etc.)

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30
Q

What are the 5 types of chemical reactions which can occur in living organisms

A 
Redox reactions
Making/breaking C-C bonds
Internal rearrangements
Group transfers
Condensation/hydrolysis
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31
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

When (usually) two electrons and two protons are gained or lost.
Normally 2 H atoms will be transferred from one molecule to another in dehydrogenation reactions

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32
Q

Give an example of a redox reaction

A

Glycolysis in the muscles which converts glucose to pyruvate then to lactate

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33
Q

Give an example of making/breaking C-C bonds

A

Cleavage of glucose in glycolysis

34
Q

Give an example of internal rearrangements chemical reactions

A

Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis

35
Q

Give an example of group transfer chemical reactions

A

The transfer of phosphate groups in glycolysis

36
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

Two molecules combining to form a larger molecule while producing water
e.g. formation of nucleic acids and proteins

37
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

A large molecule splitting into two smaller molecules using water
e.g. breaking of nucleic acids and proteins

38
Q

How can water form a hydrogen bond

A

Water has an electronegative oxygen atom so is a polar molecule and can from bonds between any other electronegative atom (mainly N or O) and an electropositive H atom

39
Q

What is a hydrogen bond

A

The bond between any electronegative atom (usually N or O) and an electropositive H atom

40
Q

What are molecules that form H bonds with water considered to be

A

Soluble

41
Q

How do the interactions between water molecules and solutes define solubility

A

In water, the solute-solute and water-water H bonding is replaced with water-solute H bonding as it is more favourable (also works for charged molecules)

Uncharged molecules are not soluble which can be seen as they rearrange themselves in water to minimise the disruption of the surrounding water molecules, forming “cages”

42
Q

What is an amphipathic molecule

A

A molecule that contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

43
Q

Give an example of an amphipathic molecule

A

Phospholipids which have hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. In water, they minimise disruption by forming bilayers or micelles

44
Q

Define pH

A

pH is a measure of proton concentration

pH = -log[H+]

45
Q

Which equation relates the degree of proton dissociation of a weak acid to its ionisation constant and the pH

A

pH=pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

46
Q

What is a buffer

A

Solutions of weak acids

47
Q

What is the difference between acids in solution and weak acids in solution

A

Acids dissociate to a conjugate acid-base pair

Weak acids do not dissociate very much

48
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

DNA, nucleoprotein and some RNA

49
Q

Describe the nuclear membrane (envelope)

A 
It as a:
Phospholipid bilayer
Encloses the nucleus
Contains pores
Closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum
50
Q

In what forms can DNA be found in

A

Heterochromatin

Euchromatin

51
Q

What is the difference between the RER and SER

A

RER has ribosomes attached

52
Q

What is autophagy

A

Digestion of cells own materials

53
Q

What subunits does tublin have

A

Alpha-tublin

Beta-tublin

54
Q

What are intermediate filaments

A

Fibrous proteins organised into tough, rope-like assemblages which stabilise a cell’s structure and help maintain its shape

55
Q

What are cilla and eukaryotic flagella made up of

A

Microtubles

56
Q

Describe cilia

A

Short, usually many present, move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke

57
Q

Describe flagella

A

Longer, usually one or two present, movement is snakelike

58
Q

What are proteins

A

Polymers of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds

59
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Polymers of nucleotide monomers linked by 3’,5’-phosphodiester bonds

60
Q

What kinds of bases are in nucleic acids

A

Pyrimidines

Purines

61
Q

What is the structure of purines

A

Flat double rings

Flat planar structure

62
Q

What is the structure of pyrimidines

A

Flat single rings

Flat planar structure

63
Q

Name three pyrimidines

A

Cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U)

64
Q

Name two purines

A

Adenine (A) and guanine (G

65
Q

A pyrimidine/purine base + a ribose/dexoyribose =

A

Nucleoside

66
Q

A nucleoside + a phosphate

A

Nucleotide

67
Q

Describe the structure of polysaccharides

A

Polymers of sugar monomers linked by glycosidic bonds

68
Q

Give examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch and glycogen which are both polymers of D-glucose

69
Q

What is D-glucose

A

A reducing sugar

70
Q

Why is D-glucose termed a reducing sugar

A

Because the linear form (but not cyclic form) has an aldehyde group, which can be oxidised when this is oxidised then the other reactant would be reduced

71
Q

How are glucose polymers formed

A

From the condensation reaction between two glucose monomers

72
Q

What happens to glucose monomers when they link together

A

All monomers of the chain are locked in the cyclic form except the end monomer, which can remain linear

73
Q

What is the end monomer in a glucose called

A

A ‘reducing end’

74
Q

What are lipids

A

One or more long-chain fatty acid

75
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated: no double bond
Unsaturated: double bond

76
Q

If there are many double bonds present in a fatty acids is it liquid or solid

A

Liquid

77
Q

If there are many few double bonds present in a fatty acids is it liquid or solid

A

Solid

78
Q

What are triglycerides

A

Non-polar
Storage lipids
3 fatty acid chains linked to glycerol
A type of lipid

79
Q

What are phospholipids

A 
‘Head’ group attached to the glycerol which makes them polar
Hydrophillic head (consists of polar group, phosphate and glycerol)
Hydrophobic tail (2 fatty acid chains)
80
Q

What is the structure of the eukaryotic plasma membrane

A

Has amphipathic membrane lipids

Has membrane proteins (either spanning the membrane or embedded in it)

81
Q

What is the function of the eukaryotic plasma membrane

A

Selective barrier

Detects chemical messengers and signalling molecules from surrounding cells or other organs

Science For Medicine (1 decks)

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